diff --git a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.yml b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.yml
index 59317d9cd..fdef420a3 100644
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.yml
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.yml
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ name: Report a bug
 description: Report a bug in OSMnx's code
 labels: bug
 body:
-
   - type: markdown
     attributes:
       value: "Thanks for using OSMnx!"
diff --git a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_proposal.yml b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_proposal.yml
index eb7aad422..5e0d91a38 100644
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_proposal.yml
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_proposal.yml
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ name: Propose a feature
 description: Propose an enhancement before opening a pull request to add it
 labels: enh
 body:
-
   - type: markdown
     attributes:
       value: "Thanks for using OSMnx!"
diff --git a/.github/pull_request_template.md b/.github/pull_request_template.md
index 8ea8cc1b5..2f10f0100 100644
--- a/.github/pull_request_template.md
+++ b/.github/pull_request_template.md
@@ -4,6 +4,6 @@ Before you proceed, review the contributing guidelines in the CONTRIBUTING.md fi
 
 In this pull request, please include:
 
-  - a reference to related issue(s)
-  - a description of the changes proposed in the pull request
-  - an example code snippet illustrating usage of the new functionality
+- a reference to related issue(s)
+- a description of the changes proposed in the pull request
+- an example code snippet illustrating usage of the new functionality
diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yml b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
index 1a7398d0f..0c07cc7eb 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
@@ -6,18 +6,16 @@ on:
   pull_request:
     branches: [main]
   schedule:
-    - cron: '0 6 * * 1' # Every Monday at 06:00 UTC
+    - cron: "0 6 * * 1" # Every Monday at 06:00 UTC
 
 jobs:
-
   build:
-
     name: Python ${{ matrix.python-version }} ${{ matrix.os }}
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
     strategy:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
-        python-version: ['3.8', '3.9', '3.10', '3.11']
+        python-version: ["3.8", "3.9", "3.10", "3.11"]
         os: [ubuntu-latest]
 
     defaults:
@@ -25,7 +23,6 @@ jobs:
         shell: bash -elo pipefail {0}
 
     steps:
-
       - name: Checkout repo
         uses: actions/checkout@v3
         with:
diff --git a/.github/workflows/test-minimal.yml b/.github/workflows/test-minimal.yml
index ef8b01cbb..866fef65e 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/test-minimal.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/test-minimal.yml
@@ -2,13 +2,11 @@ name: Test minimal versions
 
 on:
   schedule:
-    - cron: '0 7 * * 1' # Every Monday at 07:00 UTC
+    - cron: "0 7 * * 1" # Every Monday at 07:00 UTC
   workflow_dispatch:
 
 jobs:
-
   build:
-
     name: ${{ matrix.os }}
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
     strategy:
@@ -21,7 +19,6 @@ jobs:
         shell: bash -elo pipefail {0}
 
     steps:
-
       - name: Checkout repo
         uses: actions/checkout@v3
         with:
diff --git a/.pre-commit-config.yaml b/.pre-commit-config.yaml
index 4aa5b3912..795b1a8e8 100644
--- a/.pre-commit-config.yaml
+++ b/.pre-commit-config.yaml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 repos:
   - repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/pre-commit-hooks
-    rev: v4.4.0
+    rev: "v4.4.0"
     hooks:
       - id: check-added-large-files
         args: [--maxkb=50]
@@ -23,13 +23,18 @@ repos:
         args: [--branch, main]
       - id: trailing-whitespace
 
+  - repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/mirrors-prettier
+    rev: "v3.0.0"
+    hooks:
+      - id: prettier
+        types_or: [markdown, yaml]
+
   - repo: https://github.com/psf/black
-    rev: 23.3.0
+    rev: "23.7.0"
     hooks:
       - id: black
-        args: ["--check"]
 
   - repo: https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit
-    rev: v0.0.277
+    rev: "v0.0.278"
     hooks:
       - id: ruff
diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 58287c5df..a3f3f8650 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -2,507 +2,507 @@
 
 ## Unreleased
 
-  - adopt NEP 29 policy for minimum required Python and NumPy versions
+- adopt NEP 29 policy for minimum required Python and NumPy versions
 
 ## 1.5.1 (2023-07-08)
 
-  - improve memory efficiency during graph creation
-  - improve log messaging
-  - add version number to XML generator attribute in save_graph_xml
-  - warn user if loading a .osm XML file generated by OSMnx itself
-  - add style keyword argument to citation function
+- improve memory efficiency during graph creation
+- improve log messaging
+- add version number to XML generator attribute in save_graph_xml
+- warn user if loading a .osm XML file generated by OSMnx itself
+- add style keyword argument to citation function
 
 ## 1.5.0 (2023-06-28)
 
-  - fix bug in save_graph_xml due to roundabout ways
-  - fix GeoPandas future warning
-  - make API key properly optional in elevation.add_node_elevations_google function
-  - rename geometries module as features module and deprecate geometries module
-  - remove private \_polygon_features module and move its data to features module
-  - make the internal downloader module private
-  - deprecate interpolate parameter in distance.nearest_edges function
-  - move save_graph_xml function to io module with deprecation warning in osm_xml module
-  - migrate from setup.py, setup.cfg, and requirements.txt to pyproject.toml
-  - pin optional dependencies to minimum required versions
-  - expand and reorganize the documentation
+- fix bug in save_graph_xml due to roundabout ways
+- fix GeoPandas future warning
+- make API key properly optional in elevation.add_node_elevations_google function
+- rename geometries module as features module and deprecate geometries module
+- remove private \_polygon_features module and move its data to features module
+- make the internal downloader module private
+- deprecate interpolate parameter in distance.nearest_edges function
+- move save_graph_xml function to io module with deprecation warning in osm_xml module
+- migrate from setup.py, setup.cfg, and requirements.txt to pyproject.toml
+- pin optional dependencies to minimum required versions
+- expand and reorganize the documentation
 
 ## 1.4.0 (2023-06-11)
 
-  - verify edge weight attribute values before solving shortest paths
-  - provide consistent error when no data elements are returned from Overpass
-  - add route_to_gdf function to utils_graph module to return a GeoDataFrame of the edges in a path
-  - deprecate the get_route_edge_attributes function in favor of the new route_to_gdf function
-  - deprecate folium module in favor of using geopandas.GeoDataFrame.explore directly
-  - deprecate precision parameter in bearing, distance, elevation, and speed modules' functions
-  - deprecate utils_geo.round_geometry_coords function
-  - move plot_orientation function from bearing module to plot module
-  - make matplotlib an optional dependency required only for the plot module
-  - drop pyproj package dependency
+- verify edge weight attribute values before solving shortest paths
+- provide consistent error when no data elements are returned from Overpass
+- add route_to_gdf function to utils_graph module to return a GeoDataFrame of the edges in a path
+- deprecate the get_route_edge_attributes function in favor of the new route_to_gdf function
+- deprecate folium module in favor of using geopandas.GeoDataFrame.explore directly
+- deprecate precision parameter in bearing, distance, elevation, and speed modules' functions
+- deprecate utils_geo.round_geometry_coords function
+- move plot_orientation function from bearing module to plot module
+- make matplotlib an optional dependency required only for the plot module
+- drop pyproj package dependency
 
 ## 1.3.1.post0 (2023-05-26)
 
-  - restore Python 3.8 compatibility
+- restore Python 3.8 compatibility
 
 ## 1.3.1 (2023-05-24)
 
-  - improve DNS resolution when using proxies or on networks blocking DNS-over-HTTPS
-  - improve processing of per-lane values when adding edge speeds
-  - improve file writing in save_graph_xml function
-  - ensure node coordinates are non-null and convertible to float in the add_edge_lengths function
-  - ignore ways tagged highway=no or highway=razed in built-in filters
-  - do not assume an edge with key=0 exists between each node pair when simplifying graph
-  - drop dateutil package dependency
+- improve DNS resolution when using proxies or on networks blocking DNS-over-HTTPS
+- improve processing of per-lane values when adding edge speeds
+- improve file writing in save_graph_xml function
+- ensure node coordinates are non-null and convertible to float in the add_edge_lengths function
+- ignore ways tagged highway=no or highway=razed in built-in filters
+- do not assume an edge with key=0 exists between each node pair when simplifying graph
+- drop dateutil package dependency
 
 ## 1.3.0 (2023-01-01)
 
-  - fully support Shapely 2.0 and drop support for Shapely 1.x
-  - drop RTree package dependency
-  - much faster nearest edges search using STRTree index
-  - allow using alternative Google Maps compatible elevation APIs, such as Open Topo Data
-  - optionally track merged_edges as a new edge attribute in simplify_graph function
+- fully support Shapely 2.0 and drop support for Shapely 1.x
+- drop RTree package dependency
+- much faster nearest edges search using STRTree index
+- allow using alternative Google Maps compatible elevation APIs, such as Open Topo Data
+- optionally track merged_edges as a new edge attribute in simplify_graph function
 
 ## 1.2.3 (2022-12-14)
 
-  - fix bug that added unsimplified edge geometry attributes when projecting
-  - hard code Google DNS IP address
-  - resolve matplotlib deprecation warning
-  - deprecate save_graph_shapefile function
+- fix bug that added unsimplified edge geometry attributes when projecting
+- hard code Google DNS IP address
+- resolve matplotlib deprecation warning
+- deprecate save_graph_shapefile function
 
 ## 1.2.2 (2022-08-05)
 
-  - fix compatibility with rasterio 1.3
-  - fix API version when saving OSM XML
-  - resolve shapely deprecation warning
+- fix compatibility with rasterio 1.3
+- fix API version when saving OSM XML
+- resolve shapely deprecation warning
 
 ## 1.2.1 (2022-06-16)
 
-  - fix rate limit checking and pausing on newest versions of Overpass API
-  - allow add_edge_lengths function to be run on a subset of edges
-  - resolve pandas deprecation warning
+- fix rate limit checking and pausing on newest versions of Overpass API
+- allow add_edge_lengths function to be run on a subset of edges
+- resolve pandas deprecation warning
 
 ## 1.2.0 (2022-05-23)
 
-  - add ability to load GraphML string data to the load_graphml function
-  - add "reversed" edge attribute to support node-order-dependent edge attributes
-  - add new edge_color and edge_linewidth arguments to plot_footprints function
-  - fix nearest_edges function selecting arbitrary edge when bounding boxes overlap
-  - fix get_digraph function's parallel edge handling
-  - fix pandas and geopandas version compatibility
-  - fix log output appearing in Jupyter notebooks on Unix-like systems
-  - remove old functions and arguments previously deprecated in v1.1
-  - deprecate utils.config function in favor of using settings module directly
+- add ability to load GraphML string data to the load_graphml function
+- add "reversed" edge attribute to support node-order-dependent edge attributes
+- add new edge_color and edge_linewidth arguments to plot_footprints function
+- fix nearest_edges function selecting arbitrary edge when bounding boxes overlap
+- fix get_digraph function's parallel edge handling
+- fix pandas and geopandas version compatibility
+- fix log output appearing in Jupyter notebooks on Unix-like systems
+- remove old functions and arguments previously deprecated in v1.1
+- deprecate utils.config function in favor of using settings module directly
 
 ## 1.1.2 (2021-11-17)
 
-  - fix geocoding when no geojson is returned
-  - fix graph simplification to properly handle travel_time edge attributes
-  - fix streets per node not being calculated when clean_periphery=False
-  - allow user-defined aggregation function when imputing missing edge speeds
-  - allow user to configure requests package keyword arguments when connecting to APIs
-  - faster graph projection by calculating UTM zone number with a computationally cheaper method
-  - improve efficiency of quadrat-based geometry cutting
-  - fall back on google dns resolution when necessary if using a proxy
-  - move count_streets_per_node function to stats module
-  - resolve shapely and geopandas deprecation warnings
+- fix geocoding when no geojson is returned
+- fix graph simplification to properly handle travel_time edge attributes
+- fix streets per node not being calculated when clean_periphery=False
+- allow user-defined aggregation function when imputing missing edge speeds
+- allow user to configure requests package keyword arguments when connecting to APIs
+- faster graph projection by calculating UTM zone number with a computationally cheaper method
+- improve efficiency of quadrat-based geometry cutting
+- fall back on google dns resolution when necessary if using a proxy
+- move count_streets_per_node function to stats module
+- resolve shapely and geopandas deprecation warnings
 
 ## 1.1.1 (2021-05-19)
 
-  - fix overpass status endpoint checks with explicit IP address resolution
-  - fix slot management on local overpass instances by optionally disabling rate limiting
-  - parallelize shortest_path calculation for multiple origins/destinations
+- fix overpass status endpoint checks with explicit IP address resolution
+- fix slot management on local overpass instances by optionally disabling rate limiting
+- parallelize shortest_path calculation for multiple origins/destinations
 
 ## 1.1.0 (2021-05-01)
 
-  - add graph-constrained spatial sampling function
-  - add add_node_elevations_raster function to add node elevations from local raster file(s)
-  - add add_node_elevations_google function and deprecate old add_node_elevations function
-  - add faster streamlined nearest_nodes and nearest_edges functions to distance module
-  - deprecate old get_nearest_node, get_nearest_nodes, get_nearest_edge, and get_nearest_edges
-  - add utils_geo.interpolate_points function and deprecate redistribute_vertices in favor of it
-  - add vectorized calculate_bearing function and deprecate get_bearing in favor of it
-  - expose individual street network stats functions in stats module
-  - deprecate the extended_stats function in stats module
-  - add network orientation and entropy stats functions to bearing module
-  - add plot_orientation function to bearing module to polar histograms of graph edge bearings
-  - add route_linewidths parameter to plot_graph_routes function
-  - handle relations of type "boundary" in geometries module
-  - multi-index GeoDataFrames returned from geometries module by element type and osmid
-  - ensure all nodes have integer IDs after graph intersection consolidation
-  - vectorize add_edge_lengths, add_edge_grades, and add_edge_bearings functions
-  - improve save_graph_xml speed
-  - improve geocoder module error messages
-  - improve handling of node geometry when converting graph to/from GeoDataFrames
-  - fix network_type filters allowing ways tagged "bus_guideway"
-  - fix handling of boolean type conversion in load_graphml
-  - fix truncate_graph_dist retaining unreachable nodes
-  - fix bug in consolidate_intersections when pygeos is installed
-  - move add_edge_lengths function from utils_graph to distance module
-  - remove descartes dependency in line with geopandas
+- add graph-constrained spatial sampling function
+- add add_node_elevations_raster function to add node elevations from local raster file(s)
+- add add_node_elevations_google function and deprecate old add_node_elevations function
+- add faster streamlined nearest_nodes and nearest_edges functions to distance module
+- deprecate old get_nearest_node, get_nearest_nodes, get_nearest_edge, and get_nearest_edges
+- add utils_geo.interpolate_points function and deprecate redistribute_vertices in favor of it
+- add vectorized calculate_bearing function and deprecate get_bearing in favor of it
+- expose individual street network stats functions in stats module
+- deprecate the extended_stats function in stats module
+- add network orientation and entropy stats functions to bearing module
+- add plot_orientation function to bearing module to polar histograms of graph edge bearings
+- add route_linewidths parameter to plot_graph_routes function
+- handle relations of type "boundary" in geometries module
+- multi-index GeoDataFrames returned from geometries module by element type and osmid
+- ensure all nodes have integer IDs after graph intersection consolidation
+- vectorize add_edge_lengths, add_edge_grades, and add_edge_bearings functions
+- improve save_graph_xml speed
+- improve geocoder module error messages
+- improve handling of node geometry when converting graph to/from GeoDataFrames
+- fix network_type filters allowing ways tagged "bus_guideway"
+- fix handling of boolean type conversion in load_graphml
+- fix truncate_graph_dist retaining unreachable nodes
+- fix bug in consolidate_intersections when pygeos is installed
+- move add_edge_lengths function from utils_graph to distance module
+- remove descartes dependency in line with geopandas
 
 ## 1.0.1 (2021-01-13)
 
-  - fix network_type filters allowing ways tagged "planned"
-  - fix "drive" network_type allowing some alleys
-  - fix intersection consolidation for compatibility with v1.0 node ids/indexing
-  - fix python 3.6 compatibility
-  - deprecate folium polyline styling arguments
+- fix network_type filters allowing ways tagged "planned"
+- fix "drive" network_type allowing some alleys
+- fix intersection consolidation for compatibility with v1.0 node ids/indexing
+- fix python 3.6 compatibility
+- deprecate folium polyline styling arguments
 
 ## 1.0.0 (2021-01-01)
 
-  - set use_cache=True by default
-  - add ability to query a place by OSM ID in geocoder.geocode_to_gdf function
-  - add optional setting for download/cache-only mode
-  - replace md5 with sha1 for cache filename hashing
-  - replace streets_per_node graph attribute with equivalent street_count node attribute
-  - remove redundant osmid node attribute
-  - make graph_to_gdfs multi-index the edges GeoDataFrame by u, v, key
-  - refactor consolidate_intersections function for better speed and efficiency
-  - refactor count_streets_per_node function for better speed and efficiency
-  - refactor folium module for better speed and efficiency
-  - refactor get_undirected functionality for better speed and efficiency
-  - extract all private/internal .osm XML functionality into new osm_xml module
-  - deprecate io.save_graph_xml with warning (function moved to osm_xml module)
-  - remove internal \_is_simplified function
-  - remove deprecated pois module
-  - remove deprecated footprints module
-  - remove deprecated utils_graph.induce_subgraph function
-  - remove deprecated node_type parameter from io.load_graphml function
+- set use_cache=True by default
+- add ability to query a place by OSM ID in geocoder.geocode_to_gdf function
+- add optional setting for download/cache-only mode
+- replace md5 with sha1 for cache filename hashing
+- replace streets_per_node graph attribute with equivalent street_count node attribute
+- remove redundant osmid node attribute
+- make graph_to_gdfs multi-index the edges GeoDataFrame by u, v, key
+- refactor consolidate_intersections function for better speed and efficiency
+- refactor count_streets_per_node function for better speed and efficiency
+- refactor folium module for better speed and efficiency
+- refactor get_undirected functionality for better speed and efficiency
+- extract all private/internal .osm XML functionality into new osm_xml module
+- deprecate io.save_graph_xml with warning (function moved to osm_xml module)
+- remove internal \_is_simplified function
+- remove deprecated pois module
+- remove deprecated footprints module
+- remove deprecated utils_graph.induce_subgraph function
+- remove deprecated node_type parameter from io.load_graphml function
 
 ## 0.16.2 (2020-11-17)
 
-  - improve graph_from_gdfs speed and efficiency
-  - improve plot_route_folium speed and efficiency
-  - fix remove_isolated_nodes function mutating the passed-in graph
-  - fix gephi compatibility in save_graphml
-  - add customizable node/edge attribute data type arguments to load_graphml
-  - deprecate old node_type argument in load_graphml
-  - expose bidirectional_network_types via config function
+- improve graph_from_gdfs speed and efficiency
+- improve plot_route_folium speed and efficiency
+- fix remove_isolated_nodes function mutating the passed-in graph
+- fix gephi compatibility in save_graphml
+- add customizable node/edge attribute data type arguments to load_graphml
+- deprecate old node_type argument in load_graphml
+- expose bidirectional_network_types via config function
 
 ## 0.16.1 (2020-10-05)
 
-  - fix handling graphs with no intersections in consolidate_intersections
-  - fix consolidate_intersections returning GeoSeries without CRS attribute
-  - fix response caching to save only when status code is 200
-  - fix elevation module's grade absolute value calculation when grade is null
-  - move shortest path functions from utils_graph module to distance module
+- fix handling graphs with no intersections in consolidate_intersections
+- fix consolidate_intersections returning GeoSeries without CRS attribute
+- fix response caching to save only when status code is 200
+- fix elevation module's grade absolute value calculation when grade is null
+- move shortest path functions from utils_graph module to distance module
 
 ## 0.16.0 (2020-09-07)
 
-  - new geometries module for creating GeoDataFrames from tag/value queries
-  - deprecate old pois and footprints modules (replaced by geometries module)
-  - auto-select first Polygon/MultiPolygon when geocoding with which_result=None
-  - new k_shortest_paths function to solve *k* shortest paths from origin to destination
-  - new shortest_path convenience function
-  - new get_digraph function to correctly convert MultiDiGraph to DiGraph
-  - miscellaneous performance improvements and optimizations
-  - deprecate induce_subgraph function
-  - remove deprecated boundaries module (replaced by geocoder module in v0.15.0)
-  - remove deprecated utils_geo.geocode function (replaced by geocoder.geocode function in v0.15.0)
+- new geometries module for creating GeoDataFrames from tag/value queries
+- deprecate old pois and footprints modules (replaced by geometries module)
+- auto-select first Polygon/MultiPolygon when geocoding with which_result=None
+- new k*shortest_paths function to solve \_k* shortest paths from origin to destination
+- new shortest_path convenience function
+- new get_digraph function to correctly convert MultiDiGraph to DiGraph
+- miscellaneous performance improvements and optimizations
+- deprecate induce_subgraph function
+- remove deprecated boundaries module (replaced by geocoder module in v0.15.0)
+- remove deprecated utils_geo.geocode function (replaced by geocoder.geocode function in v0.15.0)
 
 ## 0.15.1 (2020-07-03)
 
-  - fix geopandas future warnings
+- fix geopandas future warnings
 
 ## 0.15.0 (2020-06-30)
 
-  - improve plotting defaults and streamline plot module speed and efficiency
-  - improve color handling in plot module
-  - improve route plotting
-  - plot_graph_routes function now accepts multiple route colors
-  - allow multiple elevation API providers
-  - consolidate_intersections replaces update_edge_lengths param with reconnect_edges param
-  - fix geopackage file saving after consolidating intersections
-  - add new geocoder module and move utils_geo.geocode function into it
-  - replace gdf_from_place/s functions with geocoder.geocode_to_gdf
-  - deprecate boundaries module
-  - remove deprecated timeout, memory, custom_settings, and max_query_area_size function params
-  - remove deprecated plotting params and plot_shape function
+- improve plotting defaults and streamline plot module speed and efficiency
+- improve color handling in plot module
+- improve route plotting
+- plot_graph_routes function now accepts multiple route colors
+- allow multiple elevation API providers
+- consolidate_intersections replaces update_edge_lengths param with reconnect_edges param
+- fix geopackage file saving after consolidating intersections
+- add new geocoder module and move utils_geo.geocode function into it
+- replace gdf_from_place/s functions with geocoder.geocode_to_gdf
+- deprecate boundaries module
+- remove deprecated timeout, memory, custom_settings, and max_query_area_size function params
+- remove deprecated plotting params and plot_shape function
 
 ## 0.14.1 (2020-06-09)
 
-  - fix simplification of graphs with long rural roads
-  - reduce memory footprint of graph simplification
-  - remove disconnected self-contained rings from graph by default when simplifying
-  - improve speed and efficiency of project_graph, graph_to_gdfs, and graph_from_gdfs
-  - improve attribute value conversion in load_graphml
-  - expose precision parameter for adding bearings, elevations, speeds, and travel times
-  - fix config function clobber behavior
-  - fix graph periphery cleaning when clean_periphery=True but simplify=False
-  - rename settings useful_tags_path to the more appropriate useful_tags_way
-  - deprecate the timeout, memory, custom_settings, and max_query_area_size function params
-  - the params above are now accessible via config function and settings module
-  - deprecate old plot params and plot_shape function
-  - remove previously deprecated infrastructure parameter in favor of custom_filter
+- fix simplification of graphs with long rural roads
+- reduce memory footprint of graph simplification
+- remove disconnected self-contained rings from graph by default when simplifying
+- improve speed and efficiency of project_graph, graph_to_gdfs, and graph_from_gdfs
+- improve attribute value conversion in load_graphml
+- expose precision parameter for adding bearings, elevations, speeds, and travel times
+- fix config function clobber behavior
+- fix graph periphery cleaning when clean_periphery=True but simplify=False
+- rename settings useful_tags_path to the more appropriate useful_tags_way
+- deprecate the timeout, memory, custom_settings, and max_query_area_size function params
+- the params above are now accessible via config function and settings module
+- deprecate old plot params and plot_shape function
+- remove previously deprecated infrastructure parameter in favor of custom_filter
 
 ## 0.14.0 (2020-06-03)
 
-  - better geometry subdividing for huge OSM queries
-  - better handling of maxspeed list values for simplified graphs
-  - downloader only retrieves url response from cache if no server remark
-  - deprecate graph creation infrastructure parameter in favor of flexible custom_filter
-  - remove deprecated functions: graph_from_file, clean_intersections, gdfs_to_graph
+- better geometry subdividing for huge OSM queries
+- better handling of maxspeed list values for simplified graphs
+- downloader only retrieves url response from cache if no server remark
+- deprecate graph creation infrastructure parameter in favor of flexible custom_filter
+- remove deprecated functions: graph_from_file, clean_intersections, gdfs_to_graph
 
 ## 0.13.0 (2020-05-25)
 
-  - major refactor of entire package
-  - clean up API and namespace
-  - new consolidate_intersections function with topological option
-  - new speed module to calculate graph edge speeds and travel times
-  - generalize POIs module to query with a flexible tags dict
-  - allow folium functions to accept FeatureGroup and kwargs
-  - all graph saving functions now take a filepath argument instead of folder/filename
-  - save shapefiles in single folder containing both nodes and edges
-  - optionally return distance and/or geometry in nearest edge search
-  - expose timeout and memory parameters in pois and footprints modules
-  - define default crs via epsg code instead of proj4 string
-  - update and simplify logging with timestamps
-  - graph metadata: add creation date and version, remove name
-  - replace inconsistent distance parameters with consistent dist parameters
-  - deprecate old clean_intersections function in favor of new consolidate_intersections
-  - deprecate old gdfs_to_graph function in favor of graph_from_gdfs
-  - deprecate old graph_from_file function in favor of graph_from_xml
-  - rename save_as_osm function -> save_graph_xml for consistency
-  - rename save_load module -> io
-  - remove old save_gdf_shapefile function
-  - drop support for python 3.5 and lower
+- major refactor of entire package
+- clean up API and namespace
+- new consolidate_intersections function with topological option
+- new speed module to calculate graph edge speeds and travel times
+- generalize POIs module to query with a flexible tags dict
+- allow folium functions to accept FeatureGroup and kwargs
+- all graph saving functions now take a filepath argument instead of folder/filename
+- save shapefiles in single folder containing both nodes and edges
+- optionally return distance and/or geometry in nearest edge search
+- expose timeout and memory parameters in pois and footprints modules
+- define default crs via epsg code instead of proj4 string
+- update and simplify logging with timestamps
+- graph metadata: add creation date and version, remove name
+- replace inconsistent distance parameters with consistent dist parameters
+- deprecate old clean_intersections function in favor of new consolidate_intersections
+- deprecate old gdfs_to_graph function in favor of graph_from_gdfs
+- deprecate old graph_from_file function in favor of graph_from_xml
+- rename save_as_osm function -> save_graph_xml for consistency
+- rename save_load module -> io
+- remove old save_gdf_shapefile function
+- drop support for python 3.5 and lower
 
 ## 0.12.1 (2020-05-01)
 
-  - fix handling relations with missing type tag
-  - fix save_graph_geopackage handling numeric attributes
-  - fix load_graphml handling elevation and grade attributes
-  - improve edge finding algorithms to return edge key
-  - more informative graph_from_file data load error message
-  - refactor url-in-cache checking
-  - add timestamp helper function
-  - documentation improvements
+- fix handling relations with missing type tag
+- fix save_graph_geopackage handling numeric attributes
+- fix load_graphml handling elevation and grade attributes
+- improve edge finding algorithms to return edge key
+- more informative graph_from_file data load error message
+- refactor url-in-cache checking
+- add timestamp helper function
+- documentation improvements
 
 ## 0.12 (2020-04-10)
 
-  - add ability to save graph as geopackage file
-  - add truncate_by_edge implementation in truncate_graph_polygon
-  - allow flexible overpass settings (e.g., to query by date)
-  - better handling of invalid footprint geometries
-  - geocode function now uses nominatim_request function
-  - improve .osm xml output
-  - improve one-way street handling
-  - fix graph projection overwriting original lat/lng
-  - fix redistribute_vertices function for MultiLineStrings
+- add ability to save graph as geopackage file
+- add truncate_by_edge implementation in truncate_graph_polygon
+- allow flexible overpass settings (e.g., to query by date)
+- better handling of invalid footprint geometries
+- geocode function now uses nominatim_request function
+- improve .osm xml output
+- improve one-way street handling
+- fix graph projection overwriting original lat/lng
+- fix redistribute_vertices function for MultiLineStrings
 
 ## 0.11.4 (2020-01-31)
 
-  - fix .osm xml output
-  - fix for pandas 1.0
+- fix .osm xml output
+- fix for pandas 1.0
 
 ## 0.11.3 (2020-01-09)
 
-  - fix errant print statement
+- fix errant print statement
 
 ## 0.11.2 (2020-01-07)
 
-  - fix .osm xml output
-  - fix geopandas future compatibility
+- fix .osm xml output
+- fix geopandas future compatibility
 
 ## 0.11.1 (2020-01-01)
 
-  - fix get_nearest_edges search when not using a spatial index
+- fix get_nearest_edges search when not using a spatial index
 
 ## 0.11 (2019-12-04)
 
-  - drop formal python 2 support
-  - refactor all modules for cleaner package organization
-  - make stats betweenness centrality compatible with networkx>=2.4
-  - allow configurable overpass and nominatim endpoints
-  - allow gdf_from_places to take a which_result list argument
-  - handle zero-division in street grade calculation
-  - better footprint relation handling
-  - improve network type queries for better filtering
-  - fix pois_from_polygon returning points outside polygon
+- drop formal python 2 support
+- refactor all modules for cleaner package organization
+- make stats betweenness centrality compatible with networkx>=2.4
+- allow configurable overpass and nominatim endpoints
+- allow gdf_from_places to take a which_result list argument
+- handle zero-division in street grade calculation
+- better footprint relation handling
+- improve network type queries for better filtering
+- fix pois_from_polygon returning points outside polygon
 
 ## 0.10 (2019-05-08)
 
-  - remove deprecated buildings module
-  - filter steps ways out of bike queries
-  - convert CRS-handling to proj4 strings
-  - save graph to xml-formatted .osm file
-  - minor refactoring
+- remove deprecated buildings module
+- filter steps ways out of bike queries
+- convert CRS-handling to proj4 strings
+- save graph to xml-formatted .osm file
+- minor refactoring
 
 ## 0.9 (2019-01-28)
 
-  - deprecate buildings module and replace with generalized footprints module
-  - improve handling of multipolygon footprints
-  - new function to find nearest edge(s), given coordinates
-  - add "search," "reverse," and "lookup" nominatim queries
-  - use unprojected graphs for figure-ground plotting functions
-  - allow non-integer osmid values for custom data
-  - improve get_route_edge_attributes function
-  - improve color mapping by node/edge attribute value
-  - make bidirectional network types explicit
-  - networkx compatibility fixes to resolve warnings
+- deprecate buildings module and replace with generalized footprints module
+- improve handling of multipolygon footprints
+- new function to find nearest edge(s), given coordinates
+- add "search," "reverse," and "lookup" nominatim queries
+- use unprojected graphs for figure-ground plotting functions
+- allow non-integer osmid values for custom data
+- improve get_route_edge_attributes function
+- improve color mapping by node/edge attribute value
+- make bidirectional network types explicit
+- networkx compatibility fixes to resolve warnings
 
 ## 0.8.2 (2018-09-19)
 
-  - add python 3.7 compatibility
-  - add convenience function to plot several routes over the same map
-  - optimize graph truncation to bounding box
-  - give self-loops a null bearing when calculating edge bearings
-  - make accept-language http header explicit and configurable
-  - add citation function
-  - refactor POI module
+- add python 3.7 compatibility
+- add convenience function to plot several routes over the same map
+- optimize graph truncation to bounding box
+- give self-loops a null bearing when calculating edge bearings
+- make accept-language http header explicit and configurable
+- add citation function
+- refactor POI module
 
 ## 0.8.1 (2018-05-17)
 
-  - add Gephi compatibility argument for saving GraphML
-  - handle square bracket encapsulated strings when loading GraphML
+- add Gephi compatibility argument for saving GraphML
+- handle square bracket encapsulated strings when loading GraphML
 
 ## 0.8 (2018-05-05)
 
-  - add ability to retrieve points of interest
-  - improve performance for retrieving huge geographies' street networks
-  - fix building footprint retrieval query syntax
-  - minor bug fixes
+- add ability to retrieve points of interest
+- improve performance for retrieving huge geographies' street networks
+- fix building footprint retrieval query syntax
+- minor bug fixes
 
 ## 0.7.4 (2018-04-05)
 
-  - add fast nearest-nodes search
-  - allow custom network query filters
-  - allow create_graph to return graph with no edges
-  - improve figure_ground joint smoothing
-  - fix handling of parallel edges when making multidigraph undirected
-  - generalize same-geometry checker
-  - improve detection of prior topology simplification
-  - custom error types for finer-grained handling
+- add fast nearest-nodes search
+- allow custom network query filters
+- allow create_graph to return graph with no edges
+- improve figure_ground joint smoothing
+- fix handling of parallel edges when making multidigraph undirected
+- generalize same-geometry checker
+- improve detection of prior topology simplification
+- custom error types for finer-grained handling
 
 ## 0.7.3 (2018-03-12)
 
-  - turn off x- and y-axes to improve plotting appearance
-  - make floating-point precision and rounding more sensible
-  - improve OS path handling cross-platform
-  - replace great-circle distance calculator with haversine
-  - add access filter as configurable setting
-  - improve performance of inducing subgraphs
-  - fix utils.get_largest_component for networkx 2.2 compatibility
-  - fix config settings namespacing
+- turn off x- and y-axes to improve plotting appearance
+- make floating-point precision and rounding more sensible
+- improve OS path handling cross-platform
+- replace great-circle distance calculator with haversine
+- add access filter as configurable setting
+- improve performance of inducing subgraphs
+- fix utils.get_largest_component for networkx 2.2 compatibility
+- fix config settings namespacing
 
 ## 0.7.2 (2018-02-15)
 
-  - compatibility with networkx 2.1
+- compatibility with networkx 2.1
 
 ## 0.7.1 (2018-02-04)
 
-  - fix documentation build
-  - ignore ways marked access=no
+- fix documentation build
+- ignore ways marked access=no
 
 ## 0.7 (2018-02-01)
 
-  - ability to load a graph from a .osm file
-  - change datum from NAD83 to WGS84
-  - make roundabouts one-way
-  - conformal plotting for unprojected graphs
-  - fix folium web maps rendering
+- ability to load a graph from a .osm file
+- change datum from NAD83 to WGS84
+- make roundabouts one-way
+- conformal plotting for unprojected graphs
+- fix folium web maps rendering
 
 ## 0.6 (2017-10-02)
 
-  - migrate to the networkx 2.0 API
+- migrate to the networkx 2.0 API
 
 ## 0.5.4 (2017-09-16)
 
-  - add optional cleaned intersections count to basic stats
-  - allow circuity to be calculated for projected or unprojected networks
-  - various code clean-up and refactoring
+- add optional cleaned intersections count to basic stats
+- allow circuity to be calculated for projected or unprojected networks
+- various code clean-up and refactoring
 
 ## 0.5.3 (2017-07-22)
 
-  - add requirements files to distribution
+- add requirements files to distribution
 
 ## 0.5.2 (2017-07-22)
 
-  - add ability to download other infrastructures besides just roads/paths (e.g., rail lines, power lines, etc.)
-  - calculate graph edges' bearings
-  - add ability to get nearest node by great circle or euclidean distance
-  - move examples/demo notebooks to new repo: osmnx-examples
-  - fix docstrings
-  - fix building footprint downloads that require multiple calls for large areas
-  - fix missing MultiPolygon import in buildings module
+- add ability to download other infrastructures besides just roads/paths (e.g., rail lines, power lines, etc.)
+- calculate graph edges' bearings
+- add ability to get nearest node by great circle or euclidean distance
+- move examples/demo notebooks to new repo: osmnx-examples
+- fix docstrings
+- fix building footprint downloads that require multiple calls for large areas
+- fix missing MultiPolygon import in buildings module
 
 ## 0.5.1 (2017-05-12)
 
-  - functionality to clean-up and consolidate complex intersections
-  - let save_gdf_shapefile save building footprint GeoDataFrames
-  - set node color correctly in figure-ground diagrams
+- functionality to clean-up and consolidate complex intersections
+- let save_gdf_shapefile save building footprint GeoDataFrames
+- set node color correctly in figure-ground diagrams
 
 ## 0.5 (2017-04-25)
 
-  - add elevation module to get node elevations and street grades
-  - new color sequence creation and conversion functions in plot module
-  - new function to get a path's edge attribute values
-  - gracefully handle subpolygons that are invalid or have zero area
-  - make truncate_graph_polygon work on projected graphs
-  - plot_shape accepts a color or a list of colors
-  - make all requests to Overpass API set custom user-agent and referer
-  - rewrite algorithms to convert multidigraphs to multigraphs
+- add elevation module to get node elevations and street grades
+- new color sequence creation and conversion functions in plot module
+- new function to get a path's edge attribute values
+- gracefully handle subpolygons that are invalid or have zero area
+- make truncate_graph_polygon work on projected graphs
+- plot_shape accepts a color or a list of colors
+- make all requests to Overpass API set custom user-agent and referer
+- rewrite algorithms to convert multidigraphs to multigraphs
 
 ## 0.4.1 (2017-04-01)
 
-  - fix load_graphml so we can save a graph again after loading it
-  - fix load_graphml so edge oneway attribute is not always set to True
-  - buildings module gets buildings stored in OSM as relations as well as ways
-  - fix figure-ground diagram saving to make perfect square and smooth joints
-  - add optional graph argument to plot_figure_ground
-  - suppress jupyter notebook deprecation warnings
+- fix load_graphml so we can save a graph again after loading it
+- fix load_graphml so edge oneway attribute is not always set to True
+- buildings module gets buildings stored in OSM as relations as well as ways
+- fix figure-ground diagram saving to make perfect square and smooth joints
+- add optional graph argument to plot_figure_ground
+- suppress jupyter notebook deprecation warnings
 
 ## 0.4 (2017-03-01)
 
-  - plot entire networks with folium
-  - plot routes on top of networks with folium
-  - vectorize all great circle calculations
-  - new geocode function in utils
-  - remove geopy dependency
-  - refactor modules
-  - simplify before truncating by distance when getting graph by point and network distance
-  - project geometries, GeoDataFrames, and graphs to a passed-in CRS
+- plot entire networks with folium
+- plot routes on top of networks with folium
+- vectorize all great circle calculations
+- new geocode function in utils
+- remove geopy dependency
+- refactor modules
+- simplify before truncating by distance when getting graph by point and network distance
+- project geometries, GeoDataFrames, and graphs to a passed-in CRS
 
 ## 0.3.1 (2017-02-15)
 
-  - clean up docstrings throughout
-  - remove network code vestiges from buildings.py
+- clean up docstrings throughout
+- remove network code vestiges from buildings.py
 
 ## 0.3 (2017-01-29)
 
-  - add route plotting with folium
-  - add downloading and visualization of building footprints
-  - updates for compatibility with matplotlib 2.0
+- add route plotting with folium
+- add downloading and visualization of building footprints
+- updates for compatibility with matplotlib 2.0
 
 ## 0.2.2 (2017-01-20)
 
-  - fixes for compatibility with networkx 2.0's new API
-  - make png default image save format
-  - figure-ground plots collect street network from a wider area
+- fixes for compatibility with networkx 2.0's new API
+- make png default image save format
+- figure-ground plots collect street network from a wider area
 
 ## 0.2.1 (2017-01-11)
 
-  - add license file to dist package
+- add license file to dist package
 
 ## 0.2 (2017-01-10)
 
-  - refactor modules
-  - add graph to GDF and GDF to graph functions
-  - add encoding argument to save_graph_shapefile
-  - add unit tests and continuous integration
+- refactor modules
+- add graph to GDF and GDF to graph functions
+- add encoding argument to save_graph_shapefile
+- add unit tests and continuous integration
 
 ## 0.1 (2016-12-19)
 
-  - add street width attribute for ways from OSM
+- add street width attribute for ways from OSM
 
 ## 0.1b2 (2016-11-29)
 
-  - make simplification error messages explicit
+- make simplification error messages explicit
 
 ## 0.1b1 (2016-11-28)
 
-  - process land use and area tags from OSM
-  - make intersection error messages clear
+- process land use and area tags from OSM
+- make intersection error messages clear
 
 ## 0.1a1 (2016-11-07)
 
-  - first pre-release
+- first pre-release
diff --git a/CONTRIBUTING.md b/CONTRIBUTING.md
index d23042e87..43c595f37 100644
--- a/CONTRIBUTING.md
+++ b/CONTRIBUTING.md
@@ -4,29 +4,29 @@ Thanks for using OSMnx and for considering contributing to it by opening an issu
 
 #### If you have a "how-to" or usage question:
 
-  - please ask your question on [StackOverflow](https://stackoverflow.com/search?q=osmnx), as we reserve the issue tracker for bug reports and new feature development. Any such questions asked in the issue tracker will be automatically closed.
+- please ask your question on [StackOverflow](https://stackoverflow.com/search?q=osmnx), as we reserve the issue tracker for bug reports and new feature development. Any such questions asked in the issue tracker will be automatically closed.
 
 #### If you're having an installation problem:
 
-  - make sure you've followed the installation instructions in the [documentation](https://osmnx.readthedocs.io/)
-  - if you installed OSMnx via conda-forge, please open an issue at its [feedstock](https://github.com/conda-forge/osmnx-feedstock/issues)
+- make sure you've followed the installation instructions in the [documentation](https://osmnx.readthedocs.io/)
+- if you installed OSMnx via conda-forge, please open an issue at its [feedstock](https://github.com/conda-forge/osmnx-feedstock/issues)
 
 #### If you've found a bug:
 
-  - read the error message, then review the [documentation](https://osmnx.readthedocs.io/) and [OSMnx examples](https://github.com/gboeing/osmnx-examples) gallery, which cover key concepts, installation, and package usage
-  - search through the [open issues](https://github.com/gboeing/osmnx/issues?q=is%3Aopen+is%3Aissue) and [closed issues](https://github.com/gboeing/osmnx/issues?q=is%3Aissue+is%3Aclosed) to see if the problem has already been reported
-  - if the problem is with a dependency of OSMnx, open an issue in the dependency's repo
-  - if the problem is with OSMnx itself and you can fix it simply, please open a pull request
-  - if the problem persists, please open an issue in the [issue tracker](https://github.com/gboeing/osmnx/issues), and *provide all the information requested in the template*, including a minimal working example so others can independently and completely reproduce the problem
+- read the error message, then review the [documentation](https://osmnx.readthedocs.io/) and [OSMnx examples](https://github.com/gboeing/osmnx-examples) gallery, which cover key concepts, installation, and package usage
+- search through the [open issues](https://github.com/gboeing/osmnx/issues?q=is%3Aopen+is%3Aissue) and [closed issues](https://github.com/gboeing/osmnx/issues?q=is%3Aissue+is%3Aclosed) to see if the problem has already been reported
+- if the problem is with a dependency of OSMnx, open an issue in the dependency's repo
+- if the problem is with OSMnx itself and you can fix it simply, please open a pull request
+- if the problem persists, please open an issue in the [issue tracker](https://github.com/gboeing/osmnx/issues), and _provide all the information requested in the template_, including a minimal working example so others can independently and completely reproduce the problem
 
 #### If you have a feature proposal or want to contribute:
 
-  - post your proposal on the [issue tracker](https://github.com/gboeing/osmnx/issues), and *provide all the information requested in the template*, so we can review it together (some proposals may not be a good fit for the project)
-  - fork the repo, make your change, [test it](./tests), and submit a PR
-  - respond to code review
-  - adhere to the following project standards
-    - `black` code style with max line length of 100
-    - `isort` sorted imports
-    - `numpy` style docstrings
+- post your proposal on the [issue tracker](https://github.com/gboeing/osmnx/issues), and _provide all the information requested in the template_, so we can review it together (some proposals may not be a good fit for the project)
+- fork the repo, make your change, [test it](./tests), and submit a PR
+- respond to code review
+- adhere to the following project standards
+  - `black` code style with max line length of 100
+  - `isort` sorted imports
+  - `numpy` style docstrings
 
 This project requires minimum Python and NumPy versions in accordance with [NEP 29](https://numpy.org/neps/nep-0029-deprecation_policy.html).
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index ec67642d4..10cb6a185 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 
 If you use OSMnx in your work, please cite the journal article:
 
-Boeing, G. 2017. "[OSMnx: New Methods for Acquiring, Constructing, Analyzing, and Visualizing Complex Street Networks](https://geoffboeing.com/publications/osmnx-complex-street-networks/)." *Computers, Environment and Urban Systems* 65, 126–139.
+Boeing, G. 2017. "[OSMnx: New Methods for Acquiring, Constructing, Analyzing, and Visualizing Complex Street Networks](https://geoffboeing.com/publications/osmnx-complex-street-networks/)." _Computers, Environment and Urban Systems_ 65, 126–139.
 
 ## Getting Started
 
diff --git a/docs/.readthedocs.yaml b/docs/.readthedocs.yaml
index c542bb9d9..d633de03c 100644
--- a/docs/.readthedocs.yaml
+++ b/docs/.readthedocs.yaml
@@ -11,8 +11,8 @@ build:
 formats: all
 
 python:
-   install:
-   - requirements: docs/requirements.txt
+  install:
+    - requirements: docs/requirements.txt
 
 sphinx:
   configuration: docs/conf.py
diff --git a/docs/conf.py b/docs/conf.py
index d537ee467..78ec9aec4 100644
--- a/docs/conf.py
+++ b/docs/conf.py
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 project = "OSMnx"
 
 # dynamically load version from /osmnx/_version.py
-with open("../osmnx/_version.py") as f:
+with Path.open("../osmnx/_version.py") as f:
     version = release = f.read().split(" = ")[1].replace('"', "")
 
 # mock import all required + optional dependency packages because readthedocs
diff --git a/docs/user-reference.rst b/docs/user-reference.rst
index bc796e042..4312bdfe9 100644
--- a/docs/user-reference.rst
+++ b/docs/user-reference.rst
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ User Reference
 
 User Reference for the OSMnx package.
 
-This guide describes the usage of OSMnx's public API. Every function can be accessed via `ox.module_name.function_name()` and many can also be accessed directly via `ox.function_name()` as a shortcut.
+This guide describes the usage of OSMnx's public API. Every function can be accessed via ``ox.module_name.function_name()`` and many can also be accessed directly via ``ox.function_name()`` as a shortcut.
 
 If you are looking for an introduction to OSMnx, read the :doc:`getting-started` guide.
 
diff --git a/environments/linux/create-environment.sh b/environments/linux/create-environment.sh
index 3daa11696..602e50589 100644
--- a/environments/linux/create-environment.sh
+++ b/environments/linux/create-environment.sh
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ set -e
 ENV=ox
 PACKAGE=osmnx
 eval "$(conda shell.bash hook)"
-conda activate base
+conda deactivate
 mamba env remove -n $ENV --yes
 mamba clean --all --yes --quiet --no-banner
 mamba create -c conda-forge --strict-channel-priority -n $ENV --file "../docker/requirements.txt" --yes --no-banner
diff --git a/environments/windows/create-environment.bat b/environments/windows/create-environment.bat
index 0103ec09f..42b86138c 100644
--- a/environments/windows/create-environment.bat
+++ b/environments/windows/create-environment.bat
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 SET ENV="ox"
 SET PACKAGE="osmnx"
 CALL %USERPROFILE%\mambaforge\Scripts\activate.bat && ^
-conda activate base && ^
+conda deactivate && ^
 mamba env remove -n %ENV% --yes && ^
 mamba clean --all --yes --quiet --no-banner && ^
 mamba create -c conda-forge --strict-channel-priority -n %ENV% --file "../docker/requirements.txt" --yes --no-banner && ^
diff --git a/environments/windows/environment.yml b/environments/windows/environment.yml
index 3d8a2884e..61cd02a43 100644
--- a/environments/windows/environment.yml
+++ b/environments/windows/environment.yml
@@ -1,411 +1,411 @@
-name: ox
-channels:
-  - conda-forge
-dependencies:
-  - access=1.1.8=pyhd8ed1ab_0
-  - affine=2.4.0=pyhd8ed1ab_0
-  - alabaster=0.7.13=pyhd8ed1ab_0
-  - amply=0.1.6=pyhd8ed1ab_0
-  - anyio=3.7.0=pyhd8ed1ab_1
-  - argon2-cffi=21.3.0=pyhd8ed1ab_0
-  - argon2-cffi-bindings=21.2.0=py311ha68e1ae_3
-  - asttokens=2.2.1=pyhd8ed1ab_0
-  - async-lru=2.0.2=pyhd8ed1ab_0
-  - attrs=23.1.0=pyh71513ae_1
-  - autopep8=2.0.2=pyhd8ed1ab_0
-  - babel=2.12.1=pyhd8ed1ab_1
-  - backcall=0.2.0=pyh9f0ad1d_0
-  - backports=1.0=pyhd8ed1ab_3
-  - backports.functools_lru_cache=1.6.5=pyhd8ed1ab_0
-  - beautifulsoup4=4.12.2=pyha770c72_0
-  - black=23.3.0=py311h1ea47a8_1
-  - bleach=6.0.0=pyhd8ed1ab_0
-  - blinker=1.6.2=pyhd8ed1ab_0
-  - blosc=1.21.4=hdccc3a2_0
-  - bokeh=3.2.0=pyhd8ed1ab_0
-  - boltons=23.0.0=pyhd8ed1ab_0
-  - boolean.py=3.7=py_0
-  - boost-cpp=1.78.0=h9f4b32c_3
-  - bottleneck=1.3.7=py311h59ca53f_0
-  - branca=0.6.0=pyhd8ed1ab_0
-  - brotli=1.0.9=hcfcfb64_9
-  - brotli-bin=1.0.9=hcfcfb64_9
-  - bzip2=1.0.8=h8ffe710_4
-  - ca-certificates=2023.5.7=h56e8100_0
-  - cairo=1.16.0=hdecc03f_1016
-  - cartopy=0.21.1=py311h178a126_1
-  - certifi=2023.5.7=pyhd8ed1ab_0
-  - cffi=1.15.1=py311h7d9ee11_3
-  - cfgv=3.3.1=pyhd8ed1ab_0
-  - cfitsio=4.2.0=h9ebe7e4_0
-  - chardet=5.1.0=py311h1ea47a8_0
-  - charset-normalizer=3.1.0=pyhd8ed1ab_0
-  - click=8.1.3=win_pyhd8ed1ab_2
-  - click-plugins=1.1.1=py_0
-  - cligj=0.7.2=pyhd8ed1ab_1
-  - cmarkgfm=0.8.0=py311ha68e1ae_2
-  - colorama=0.4.6=pyhd8ed1ab_0
-  - comm=0.1.3=pyhd8ed1ab_0
-  - conda=23.5.0=py311h1ea47a8_1
-  - conda-build=3.25.0=py311h1ea47a8_0
-  - conda-forge-pinning=2023.06.28.15.07.21=hd8ed1ab_0
-  - conda-index=0.2.3=pyhd8ed1ab_0
-  - conda-package-handling=2.0.2=pyh38be061_0
-  - conda-package-streaming=0.8.0=pyhd8ed1ab_0
-  - conda-smithy=3.23.1=pyhd8ed1ab_0
-  - contextily=1.3.0=pyhd8ed1ab_0
-  - contourpy=1.1.0=py311h005e61a_0
-  - coverage=7.2.7=py311ha68e1ae_0
-  - cryptography=41.0.1=py311h28e9c30_0
-  - curl=8.1.2=h68f0423_0
-  - cycler=0.11.0=pyhd8ed1ab_0
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-prefix: C:\Users\Geoff\mambaforge\envs\ox
+name: ox
+channels:
+  - conda-forge
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+  - tobler=0.10=pyhd8ed1ab_0
+  - tokenize-rt=5.1.0=pyhd8ed1ab_0
+  - toml=0.10.2=pyhd8ed1ab_0
+  - tomli=2.0.1=pyhd8ed1ab_0
+  - tomli-w=1.0.0=pyhd8ed1ab_0
+  - tomlkit=0.11.8=pyha770c72_0
+  - toolz=0.12.0=pyhd8ed1ab_0
+  - tornado=6.3.2=py311ha68e1ae_0
+  - tqdm=4.65.0=pyhd8ed1ab_1
+  - traitlets=5.9.0=pyhd8ed1ab_0
+  - trove-classifiers=2023.5.24=pyhd8ed1ab_0
+  - twine=4.0.2=pyhd8ed1ab_0
+  - typing-extensions=4.6.3=hd8ed1ab_0
+  - typing_extensions=4.6.3=pyha770c72_0
+  - typing_utils=0.1.0=pyhd8ed1ab_0
+  - tzdata=2023c=h71feb2d_0
+  - ucrt=10.0.22621.0=h57928b3_0
+  - ukkonen=1.0.1=py311h005e61a_3
+  - urllib3=2.0.3=pyhd8ed1ab_0
+  - userpath=1.7.0=pyhd8ed1ab_0
+  - vc=14.3=h64f974e_16
+  - vc14_runtime=14.36.32532=hfdfe4a8_16
+  - virtualenv=20.23.1=pyhd8ed1ab_0
+  - vs2015_runtime=14.36.32532=h05e6639_16
+  - vsts-python-api=0.1.25=pyhd8ed1ab_1
+  - wcwidth=0.2.6=pyhd8ed1ab_0
+  - webencodings=0.5.1=py_1
+  - websocket-client=1.6.1=pyhd8ed1ab_0
+  - wheel=0.40.0=pyhd8ed1ab_0
+  - widgetsnbextension=4.0.7=pyhd8ed1ab_0
+  - win_inet_pton=1.1.0=pyhd8ed1ab_6
+  - winpty=0.4.3=4
+  - wrapt=1.15.0=py311ha68e1ae_0
+  - xerces-c=3.2.4=h63175ca_2
+  - xorg-libxau=1.0.11=hcd874cb_0
+  - xorg-libxdmcp=1.1.3=hcd874cb_0
+  - xyzservices=2023.5.0=pyhd8ed1ab_1
+  - xz=5.2.6=h8d14728_0
+  - yaml=0.2.5=h8ffe710_2
+  - zeromq=4.3.4=h0e60522_1
+  - zipp=3.15.0=pyhd8ed1ab_0
+  - zlib=1.2.13=hcfcfb64_5
+  - zstandard=0.19.0=py311he5d195f_2
+  - zstd=1.5.2=h12be248_6
+prefix: C:\Users\Geoff\mambaforge\envs\ox
diff --git a/osmnx/_downloader.py b/osmnx/_downloader.py
index f7c8f8655..76630442c 100644
--- a/osmnx/_downloader.py
+++ b/osmnx/_downloader.py
@@ -102,7 +102,8 @@ def _get_osm_filter(network_type):
     if network_type in filters:
         osm_filter = filters[network_type]
     else:  # pragma: no cover
-        raise ValueError(f"Unrecognized network_type {network_type!r}")
+        msg = f"Unrecognized network_type {network_type!r}"
+        raise ValueError(msg)
 
     return osm_filter
 
@@ -136,8 +137,9 @@ def _save_to_cache(url, response_json, sc):
     -------
     None
     """
+    HTTP_OK = 200
     if settings.use_cache:
-        if sc != 200:
+        if sc != HTTP_OK:
             utils.log(f"Did not save to cache because status code is {sc}")
 
         elif response_json is None:
@@ -636,7 +638,8 @@ def _retrieve_osm_element(query, by_osmid=False, limit=1, polygon_geojson=1):
             for key in sorted(query):
                 params[key] = query[key]
         else:  # pragma: no cover
-            raise TypeError("query must be a dict or a string")
+            msg = "query must be a dict or a string"
+            raise TypeError(msg)
 
     # request the URL, return the JSON
     response_json = _nominatim_request(params=params, request_type=request_type)
@@ -664,7 +667,8 @@ def _nominatim_request(params, request_type="search", pause=1, error_pause=60):
     response_json : dict
     """
     if request_type not in {"search", "reverse", "lookup"}:  # pragma: no cover
-        raise ValueError('Nominatim request_type must be "search", "reverse", or "lookup"')
+        msg = 'Nominatim request_type must be "search", "reverse", or "lookup"'
+        raise ValueError(msg)
 
     # resolve url to same IP even if there is server round-robin redirecting
     _config_dns(settings.nominatim_endpoint.rstrip("/"))
@@ -720,9 +724,8 @@ def _nominatim_request(params, request_type="search", pause=1, error_pause=60):
             else:
                 # else, this was an unhandled status code, throw an exception
                 utils.log(f"{domain} returned {sc}", level=lg.ERROR)
-                raise Exception(
-                    f"Server returned:\n{response} {response.reason}\n{response.text}"
-                ) from e
+                msg = f"Server returned:\n{response} {response.reason}\n{response.text}"
+                raise Exception(msg) from e
 
         _save_to_cache(prepared_url, response_json, sc)
         return response_json
@@ -800,9 +803,8 @@ def _overpass_request(data, pause=None, error_pause=60):
             else:
                 # else, this was an unhandled status code, throw an exception
                 utils.log(f"{domain} returned {sc}", level=lg.ERROR)
-                raise Exception(
-                    f"Server returned\n{response} {response.reason}\n{response.text}"
-                ) from e
+                msg = f"Server returned\n{response} {response.reason}\n{response.text}"
+                raise Exception(msg) from e
 
         _save_to_cache(prepared_url, response_json, sc)
         return response_json
diff --git a/osmnx/bearing.py b/osmnx/bearing.py
index 97ed05f0b..fd5aeb25a 100644
--- a/osmnx/bearing.py
+++ b/osmnx/bearing.py
@@ -86,7 +86,8 @@ def add_edge_bearings(G, precision=None):
         )
 
     if projection.is_projected(G.graph["crs"]):  # pragma: no cover
-        raise ValueError("graph must be unprojected to add edge bearings")
+        msg = "graph must be unprojected to add edge bearings"
+        raise ValueError(msg)
 
     # extract edge IDs and corresponding coordinates from their nodes
     uvk = [(u, v, k) for u, v, k in G.edges if u != v]
@@ -137,7 +138,8 @@ def orientation_entropy(Gu, num_bins=36, min_length=0, weight=None):
     """
     # check if we were able to import scipy
     if scipy is None:  # pragma: no cover
-        raise ImportError("scipy must be installed to calculate entropy")
+        msg = "scipy must be installed to calculate entropy"
+        raise ImportError(msg)
     bin_counts, _ = _bearings_distribution(Gu, num_bins, min_length, weight)
     return scipy.stats.entropy(bin_counts)
 
@@ -168,7 +170,8 @@ def _extract_edge_bearings(Gu, min_length=0, weight=None):
         the graph's bidirectional edge bearings
     """
     if nx.is_directed(Gu) or projection.is_projected(Gu.graph["crs"]):  # pragma: no cover
-        raise ValueError("graph must be undirected and unprojected to analyze edge bearings")
+        msg = "graph must be undirected and unprojected to analyze edge bearings"
+        raise ValueError(msg)
     bearings = []
     for u, v, data in Gu.edges(data=True):
         # ignore self-loops and any edges below min_length
diff --git a/osmnx/distance.py b/osmnx/distance.py
index 9709cae13..1f60e8d2e 100644
--- a/osmnx/distance.py
+++ b/osmnx/distance.py
@@ -159,9 +159,8 @@ def add_edge_lengths(G, precision=None, edges=None):
         # ensure all coordinates can be converted to float and are non-null
         assert not np.isnan(c.astype(float)).any()
     except (AssertionError, KeyError) as e:  # pragma: no cover
-        raise ValueError(
-            "some edges missing nodes, possibly due to input data clipping issue"
-        ) from e
+        msg = "some edges missing nodes, possibly due to input data clipping issue"
+        raise ValueError(msg) from e
 
     # calculate great circle distances, round, and fill nulls with zeros
     dists = great_circle_vec(c[:, 0], c[:, 1], c[:, 2], c[:, 3]).round(precision)
@@ -213,20 +212,23 @@ def nearest_nodes(G, X, Y, return_dist=False):
         Y = np.array([Y])
 
     if np.isnan(X).any() or np.isnan(Y).any():  # pragma: no cover
-        raise ValueError("`X` and `Y` cannot contain nulls")
+        msg = "`X` and `Y` cannot contain nulls"
+        raise ValueError(msg)
     nodes = utils_graph.graph_to_gdfs(G, edges=False, node_geometry=False)[["x", "y"]]
 
     if projection.is_projected(G.graph["crs"]):
         # if projected, use k-d tree for euclidean nearest-neighbor search
         if cKDTree is None:  # pragma: no cover
-            raise ImportError("scipy must be installed to search a projected graph")
+            msg = "scipy must be installed to search a projected graph"
+            raise ImportError(msg)
         dist, pos = cKDTree(nodes).query(np.array([X, Y]).T, k=1)
         nn = nodes.index[pos]
 
     else:
         # if unprojected, use ball tree for haversine nearest-neighbor search
         if BallTree is None:  # pragma: no cover
-            raise ImportError("scikit-learn must be installed to search an unprojected graph")
+            msg = "scikit-learn must be installed to search an unprojected graph"
+            raise ImportError(msg)
         # haversine requires lat, lng coords in radians
         nodes_rad = np.deg2rad(nodes[["y", "x"]])
         points_rad = np.deg2rad(np.array([Y, X]).T)
@@ -286,7 +288,8 @@ def nearest_edges(G, X, Y, interpolate=None, return_dist=False):
         Y = np.array([Y])
 
     if np.isnan(X).any() or np.isnan(Y).any():  # pragma: no cover
-        raise ValueError("`X` and `Y` cannot contain nulls")
+        msg = "`X` and `Y` cannot contain nulls"
+        raise ValueError(msg)
     geoms = utils_graph.graph_to_gdfs(G, nodes=False)["geometry"]
 
     # if no interpolation distance was provided
@@ -320,14 +323,16 @@ def nearest_edges(G, X, Y, interpolate=None, return_dist=False):
         if projection.is_projected(G.graph["crs"]):
             # if projected, use k-d tree for euclidean nearest-neighbor search
             if cKDTree is None:  # pragma: no cover
-                raise ImportError("scipy must be installed to search a projected graph")
+                msg = "scipy must be installed to search a projected graph"
+                raise ImportError(msg)
             dist, pos = cKDTree(vertices).query(np.array([X, Y]).T, k=1)
             ne = vertices.index[pos]
 
         else:
             # if unprojected, use ball tree for haversine nearest-neighbor search
             if BallTree is None:  # pragma: no cover
-                raise ImportError("scikit-learn must be installed to search an unprojected graph")
+                msg = "scikit-learn must be installed to search an unprojected graph"
+                raise ImportError(msg)
             # haversine requires lat, lng coords in radians
             vertices_rad = np.deg2rad(vertices[["y", "x"]])
             points_rad = np.deg2rad(np.array([Y, X]).T)
@@ -422,7 +427,8 @@ def shortest_path(G, orig, dest, weight="length", cpus=1):
     # if both orig and dest are iterables, ensure they have same lengths
     elif hasattr(orig, "__iter__") and hasattr(dest, "__iter__"):
         if len(orig) != len(dest):  # pragma: no cover
-            raise ValueError("orig and dest must contain same number of elements")
+            msg = "orig and dest must contain same number of elements"
+            raise ValueError(msg)
 
         if cpus is None:
             cpus = mp.cpu_count()
@@ -446,7 +452,8 @@ def shortest_path(G, orig, dest, weight="length", cpus=1):
 
     # if only one of orig or dest is iterable and the other is not
     else:  # pragma: no cover
-        raise ValueError("orig and dest must either both be iterable or neither must be iterable")
+        msg = "orig and dest must either both be iterable or neither must be iterable"
+        raise ValueError(msg)
 
 
 def k_shortest_paths(G, orig, dest, k, weight="length"):
@@ -505,4 +512,5 @@ def _verify_edge_attribute(G, attr):
         if np.isnan(values_float).any():
             warn(f"The attribute {attr!r} is missing or null on some edges.", stacklevel=2)
     except ValueError as e:
-        raise ValueError(f"The edge attribute {attr!r} contains non-numeric values.") from e
+        msg = f"The edge attribute {attr!r} contains non-numeric values."
+        raise ValueError(msg) from e
diff --git a/osmnx/elevation.py b/osmnx/elevation.py
index da7c7a096..dfdd21896 100644
--- a/osmnx/elevation.py
+++ b/osmnx/elevation.py
@@ -74,7 +74,8 @@ def add_node_elevations_raster(G, filepath, band=1, cpus=None):
         graph with node elevation attributes
     """
     if rasterio is None or gdal is None:  # pragma: no cover
-        raise ImportError("gdal and rasterio must be installed to query raster files")
+        msg = "gdal and rasterio must be installed to query raster files"
+        raise ImportError(msg)
 
     if cpus is None:
         cpus = mp.cpu_count()
@@ -160,6 +161,7 @@ def add_node_elevations_google(
             "the `precision` parameter is deprecated and will be removed in a future release",
             stacklevel=2,
         )
+    HTTP_OK = 200
 
     # make a pandas series of all the nodes' coordinates as 'lat,lng'
     # round coordinates to 5 decimal places (approx 1 meter) to be able to fit
@@ -187,22 +189,20 @@ def add_node_elevations_google(
             utils.log(f"Requesting node elevations: {url}")
             time.sleep(pause_duration)
             response = requests.get(url)
-            if response.status_code == 200:
+            if response.status_code == HTTP_OK:
                 response_json = response.json()
                 _downloader._save_to_cache(url, response_json, response.status_code)
             else:
-                raise Exception(
-                    f"Server responded with {response.status_code}: {response.reason} \n{response.json()}"
-                )
+                msg = f"Server responded with {response.status_code}: {response.reason} \n{response.json()}"
+                raise Exception(msg)
 
         # append these elevation results to the list of all results
         results.extend(response_json["results"])
 
     # sanity check that all our vectors have the same number of elements
     if not (len(results) == len(G) == len(node_points)):
-        raise Exception(
-            f"Graph has {len(G)} nodes but we received {len(results)} results. \n{response_json}"
-        )
+        msg = f"Graph has {len(G)} nodes but we received {len(results)} results. \n{response_json}"
+        raise Exception(msg)
     else:
         utils.log(f"Graph has {len(G)} nodes and we received {len(results)} results.")
 
diff --git a/osmnx/features.py b/osmnx/features.py
index e6cb14f00..2e0a0c33c 100644
--- a/osmnx/features.py
+++ b/osmnx/features.py
@@ -269,7 +269,8 @@ def features_from_place(query, tags, which_result=None, buffer_dist=None):
         # if it is a list, it contains multiple places to get
         gdf_place = geocoder.geocode_to_gdf(query, buffer_dist=buffer_dist)
     else:  # pragma: no cover
-        raise TypeError("query must be dict, string, or list of strings")
+        msg = "query must be dict, string, or list of strings"
+        raise TypeError(msg)
 
     # extract the geometry from the GeoDataFrame to use in API query
     polygon = gdf_place["geometry"].unary_union
@@ -314,14 +315,16 @@ def features_from_polygon(polygon, tags):
     """
     # verify that the geometry is valid and a Polygon/MultiPolygon
     if not polygon.is_valid:
-        raise ValueError("The geometry of `polygon` is invalid")
+        msg = "The geometry of `polygon` is invalid"
+        raise ValueError(msg)
     if not isinstance(polygon, (Polygon, MultiPolygon)):
-        raise TypeError(
-            "Boundaries must be a shapely Polygon or MultiPolygon. If you requested "
-            "features from place name, make sure your query resolves to a Polygon or "
-            "MultiPolygon, and not some other geometry, like a Point. See OSMnx "
-            "documentation for details."
+        msg = (
+            "Boundaries must be a shapely Polygon or MultiPolygon. If you "
+            "requested features from place name, make sure your query resolves "
+            "to a Polygon or MultiPolygon, and not some other geometry, like a "
+            "Point. See OSMnx documentation for details."
         )
+        raise TypeError(msg)
 
     # download the data from OSM
     response_jsons = _downloader._osm_features_download(polygon, tags)
@@ -549,7 +552,7 @@ def _parse_node_to_point(element):
     return point
 
 
-def _parse_way_to_linestring_or_polygon(element, coords, polygon_features=_POLYGON_FEATURES):
+def _parse_way_to_linestring_or_polygon(element, coords):
     """
     Parse open LineString, closed LineString or Polygon from OSM 'way'.
 
@@ -562,8 +565,6 @@ def _parse_way_to_linestring_or_polygon(element, coords, polygon_features=_POLYG
         element type "way" from overpass response JSON
     coords : dict
         dict of node IDs and their latitude/longitude coordinates
-    polygon_features : dict
-        dict for determining whether closed ways are LineStrings or Polygons
 
     Returns
     -------
@@ -883,24 +884,25 @@ def _subtract_inner_polygons_from_outer_polygons(element, outer_polygons, inner_
     # loop through the outer polygons subtracting the inner polygons and
     # appending to the list
     for outer_polygon in outer_polygons:
+        outer_polygon_diff = outer_polygon
         for inner_polygon in inner_polygons:
             if inner_polygon.within(outer_polygon):
                 try:
-                    outer_polygon = outer_polygon.difference(inner_polygon)
+                    outer_polygon_diff = outer_polygon.difference(inner_polygon)
                 except TopologicalError:  # pragma: no cover
                     utils.log(
-                        f"relation https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/{element['id']} caused"
-                        " a TopologicalError, trying with zero buffer."
+                        f"relation https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/{element['id']} "
+                        "caused a TopologicalError, trying with zero buffer."
                     )
-                    outer_polygon = outer_polygon.buffer(0).difference(inner_polygon.buffer(0))
+                    outer_polygon_diff = outer_polygon.buffer(0).difference(inner_polygon.buffer(0))
 
         # note: .buffer(0) can return either a Polygon or MultiPolygon
         # if it returns a MultiPolygon we need to extract the component
         # sub Polygons to add to outer_polygons_with_holes
-        if outer_polygon.geom_type == "Polygon":
-            outer_polygons_with_holes.append(outer_polygon)
-        elif outer_polygon.geom_type == "MultiPolygon":
-            outer_polygons_with_holes.extend(list(outer_polygon.geoms))
+        if outer_polygon_diff.geom_type == "Polygon":
+            outer_polygons_with_holes.append(outer_polygon_diff)
+        elif outer_polygon_diff.geom_type == "MultiPolygon":
+            outer_polygons_with_holes.extend(list(outer_polygon_diff.geoms))
 
     # if only one polygon with holes was created, return that single polygon
     if len(outer_polygons_with_holes) == 1:
diff --git a/osmnx/folium.py b/osmnx/folium.py
index 05bb30733..96bef8dd5 100644
--- a/osmnx/folium.py
+++ b/osmnx/folium.py
@@ -153,7 +153,8 @@ def _plot_folium(gdf, m, popup_attribute, tiles, zoom, fit_bounds, **kwargs):
     """
     # check if we were able to import folium successfully
     if folium is None:  # pragma: no cover
-        raise ImportError("folium must be installed to use this optional feature")
+        msg = "folium must be installed to use this optional feature"
+        raise ImportError(msg)
 
     # get centroid
     x, y = gdf.unary_union.centroid.xy
diff --git a/osmnx/geocoder.py b/osmnx/geocoder.py
index 5421c7287..20b741714 100644
--- a/osmnx/geocoder.py
+++ b/osmnx/geocoder.py
@@ -50,7 +50,8 @@ def geocode(query):
         utils.log(f"Geocoded {query!r} to {point}")
         return point
     else:
-        raise ValueError(f"Nominatim could not geocode query {query!r}")
+        msg = f"Nominatim could not geocode query {query!r}"
+        raise ValueError(msg)
 
 
 def geocode_to_gdf(query, which_result=None, by_osmid=False, buffer_dist=None):
@@ -95,7 +96,8 @@ def geocode_to_gdf(query, which_result=None, by_osmid=False, buffer_dist=None):
         a GeoDataFrame with one row for each query
     """
     if not isinstance(query, (str, dict, list)):  # pragma: no cover
-        raise ValueError("query must be a string or dict or list")
+        msg = "query must be a string or dict or list"
+        raise ValueError(msg)
 
     # if caller passed a list of queries but a scalar which_result value, then
     # turn which_result into a list with same length as query list
@@ -110,12 +112,14 @@ def geocode_to_gdf(query, which_result=None, by_osmid=False, buffer_dist=None):
 
     # ensure same length
     if len(query) != len(which_result):  # pragma: no cover
-        raise ValueError("which_result length must equal query length")
+        msg = "which_result length must equal query length"
+        raise ValueError(msg)
 
     # ensure query type of each item
     for q in query:
         if not isinstance(q, (str, dict)):  # pragma: no cover
-            raise ValueError("each query must be a dict or a string")
+            msg = "each query must be a dict or a string"
+            raise ValueError(msg)
 
     # geocode each query and add to GeoDataFrame as a new row
     gdf = gpd.GeoDataFrame()
@@ -169,7 +173,8 @@ def _geocode_query_to_gdf(query, which_result, by_osmid):
     # choose the right result from the JSON response
     if not results:
         # if no results were returned, raise error
-        raise ValueError(f"Nominatim geocoder returned 0 results for query {query!r}")
+        msg = f"Nominatim geocoder returned 0 results for query {query!r}"
+        raise ValueError(msg)
 
     elif by_osmid:
         # if searching by OSM ID, always take the first (ie, only) result
@@ -241,4 +246,5 @@ def _get_first_polygon(results, query):
             return result
 
     # if we never found a polygon, throw an error
-    raise ValueError(f"Nominatim could not geocode query {query!r} to polygonal boundaries")
+    msg = f"Nominatim could not geocode query {query!r} to polygonal boundaries"
+    raise ValueError(msg)
diff --git a/osmnx/graph.py b/osmnx/graph.py
index 0f03684af..3b446d890 100644
--- a/osmnx/graph.py
+++ b/osmnx/graph.py
@@ -159,7 +159,8 @@ def graph_from_point(
     documentation for caveats.
     """
     if dist_type not in {"bbox", "network"}:  # pragma: no cover
-        raise ValueError('dist_type must be "bbox" or "network"')
+        msg = 'dist_type must be "bbox" or "network"'
+        raise ValueError(msg)
 
     # create bounding box from center point and distance in each direction
     north, south, east, west = utils_geo.bbox_from_point(center_point, dist)
@@ -352,7 +353,8 @@ def graph_from_place(
         # if it is a list, it contains multiple places to get
         gdf_place = geocoder.geocode_to_gdf(query, buffer_dist=buffer_dist)
     else:  # pragma: no cover
-        raise TypeError("query must be dict, string, or list of strings")
+        msg = "query must be dict, string, or list of strings"
+        raise TypeError(msg)
 
     # extract the geometry from the GeoDataFrame to use in API query
     polygon = gdf_place["geometry"].unary_union
@@ -426,14 +428,16 @@ def graph_from_polygon(
     # verify that the geometry is valid and is a shapely Polygon/MultiPolygon
     # before proceeding
     if not polygon.is_valid:  # pragma: no cover
-        raise ValueError("The geometry to query within is invalid")
+        msg = "The geometry to query within is invalid"
+        raise ValueError(msg)
     if not isinstance(polygon, (Polygon, MultiPolygon)):  # pragma: no cover
-        raise TypeError(
-            "Geometry must be a shapely Polygon or MultiPolygon. If you requested "
-            "graph from place name, make sure your query resolves to a Polygon or "
-            "MultiPolygon, and not some other geometry, like a Point. See OSMnx "
-            "documentation for details."
+        msg = (
+            "Geometry must be a shapely Polygon or MultiPolygon. If you "
+            "requested graph from place name, make sure your query resolves "
+            "to a Polygon or MultiPolygon, and not some other geometry, like "
+            "a Point. See OSMnx documentation for details."
         )
+        raise TypeError(msg)
 
     if clean_periphery:
         # create a new buffered polygon 0.5km around the desired one
@@ -585,13 +589,13 @@ def _create_graph(response_jsons, retain_all=False, bidirectional=False):
     utils.log(f"Retrieved all data from API in {response_count} request(s)")
     if settings.cache_only_mode:  # pragma: no cover
         # after consuming all response_jsons in loop, raise exception to catch
-        raise CacheOnlyModeInterrupt("Interrupted because `settings.cache_only_mode=True`")
+        msg = "Interrupted because `settings.cache_only_mode=True`"
+        raise CacheOnlyModeInterrupt(msg)
 
     # ensure we got some node/way data back from the server request(s)
     if (len(nodes) == 0) and (len(paths) == 0):  # pragma: no cover
-        raise EmptyOverpassResponse(
-            "No data elements in server response. Check query location/filters and log."
-        )
+        msg = "No data elements in server response. Check query location/filters and log."
+        raise EmptyOverpassResponse(msg)
 
     # create the MultiDiGraph and set its graph-level attributes
     metadata = {
diff --git a/osmnx/io.py b/osmnx/io.py
index ee0ff881d..1cf6303b5 100644
--- a/osmnx/io.py
+++ b/osmnx/io.py
@@ -220,7 +220,8 @@ def load_graphml(
     if (filepath is None and graphml_str is None) or (
         filepath is not None and graphml_str is not None
     ):  # pragma: no cover
-        raise ValueError("You must pass one and only one of `filepath` or `graphml_str`.")
+        msg = "You must pass one and only one of `filepath` or `graphml_str`."
+        raise ValueError(msg)
 
     # specify default graph/node/edge attribute values' data types
     default_graph_dtypes = {"simplified": _convert_bool_string}
@@ -494,7 +495,8 @@ def _convert_bool_string(value):
     elif isinstance(value, bool):
         return value
     else:  # pragma: no cover
-        raise ValueError(f"invalid literal for boolean: {value!r}")
+        msg = f"invalid literal for boolean: {value!r}"
+        raise ValueError(msg)
 
 
 def _stringify_nonnumeric_cols(gdf):
diff --git a/osmnx/osm_xml.py b/osmnx/osm_xml.py
index 97cf1674a..c04fbabcd 100644
--- a/osmnx/osm_xml.py
+++ b/osmnx/osm_xml.py
@@ -315,12 +315,12 @@ def _append_nodes_xml_tree(root, gdf_nodes, node_attrs, node_tags):
         xml tree with nodes appended
     """
     for _, row in gdf_nodes.iterrows():
-        row = row.dropna().astype(str)
-        node = ET.SubElement(root, "node", attrib=row[node_attrs].to_dict())
+        row_str = row.dropna().astype(str)
+        node = ET.SubElement(root, "node", attrib=row_str[node_attrs].to_dict())
 
         for tag in node_tags:
-            if tag in row:
-                ET.SubElement(node, "tag", attrib={"k": tag, "v": row[tag]})
+            if tag in row_str:
+                ET.SubElement(node, "tag", attrib={"k": tag, "v": row_str[tag]})
     return root
 
 
@@ -346,14 +346,13 @@ def _create_way_for_each_edge(root, gdf_edges, edge_attrs, edge_tags):
         osm way tags to include in output OSM XML
     """
     for _, row in gdf_edges.iterrows():
-        row = row.dropna().astype(str)
-        edge = ET.SubElement(root, "way", attrib=row[edge_attrs].to_dict())
-        ET.SubElement(edge, "nd", attrib={"ref": row["u"]})
-        ET.SubElement(edge, "nd", attrib={"ref": row["v"]})
+        row_str = row.dropna().astype(str)
+        edge = ET.SubElement(root, "way", attrib=row_str[edge_attrs].to_dict())
+        ET.SubElement(edge, "nd", attrib={"ref": row_str["u"]})
+        ET.SubElement(edge, "nd", attrib={"ref": row_str["v"]})
         for tag in edge_tags:
-            if tag in row:
-                ET.SubElement(edge, "tag", attrib={"k": tag, "v": row[tag]})
-    return
+            if tag in row_str:
+                ET.SubElement(edge, "tag", attrib={"k": tag, "v": row_str[tag]})
 
 
 def _append_merged_edge_attrs(xml_edge, sample_edge, all_edges_df, edge_tags, edge_tag_aggs):
@@ -400,7 +399,6 @@ def _append_merged_edge_attrs(xml_edge, sample_edge, all_edges_df, edge_tags, ed
                         "v": str(all_edges_df[tag].aggregate(agg)),
                     },
                 )
-    return
 
 
 def _append_nodes_as_edge_attrs(xml_edge, sample_edge, all_edges_df):
@@ -429,7 +427,6 @@ def _append_nodes_as_edge_attrs(xml_edge, sample_edge, all_edges_df):
             ordered_nodes = [first_node] + ordered_nodes
         for node in ordered_nodes:
             ET.SubElement(xml_edge, "nd", attrib={"ref": str(node)})
-    return
 
 
 def _append_edges_xml_tree(root, gdf_edges, edge_attrs, edge_tags, edge_tag_aggs, merge_edges):
diff --git a/osmnx/plot.py b/osmnx/plot.py
index 26857f118..656c3d7b8 100644
--- a/osmnx/plot.py
+++ b/osmnx/plot.py
@@ -17,10 +17,10 @@
 
 # matplotlib is an optional dependency needed for visualization
 try:
-    import matplotlib.cm as cm
-    import matplotlib.colors as colors
     import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+    from matplotlib import cm
     from matplotlib import colormaps
+    from matplotlib import colors
 except ImportError:  # pragma: no cover
     cm = colors = plt = colormaps = None
 
@@ -208,7 +208,8 @@ def plot_graph(
     max_node_size = max(node_size) if hasattr(node_size, "__iter__") else node_size
     max_edge_lw = max(edge_linewidth) if hasattr(edge_linewidth, "__iter__") else edge_linewidth
     if max_node_size <= 0 and max_edge_lw <= 0:  # pragma: no cover
-        raise ValueError("Either node_size or edge_linewidth must be > 0 to plot something.")
+        msg = "Either node_size or edge_linewidth must be > 0 to plot something."
+        raise ValueError(msg)
 
     # create fig, ax as needed
     utils.log("Begin plotting the graph...")
@@ -357,17 +358,21 @@ def plot_graph_routes(G, routes, route_colors="r", route_linewidths=4, **pgr_kwa
 
     # check for valid arguments
     if not all(isinstance(r, list) for r in routes):  # pragma: no cover
-        raise ValueError("routes must be a list of route lists")
-    if len(routes) < 2:  # pragma: no cover
-        raise ValueError("You must pass more than 1 route")
+        msg = "routes must be a list of route lists"
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+    if len(routes) <= 1:  # pragma: no cover
+        msg = "You must pass more than 1 route"
+        raise ValueError(msg)
     if isinstance(route_colors, str):
         route_colors = [route_colors] * len(routes)
     if len(routes) != len(route_colors):  # pragma: no cover
-        raise ValueError("route_colors list must have same length as routes")
+        msg = "route_colors list must have same length as routes"
+        raise ValueError(msg)
     if isinstance(route_linewidths, int):
         route_linewidths = [route_linewidths] * len(routes)
     if len(routes) != len(route_linewidths):  # pragma: no cover
-        raise ValueError("route_linewidths list must have same length as routes")
+        msg = "route_linewidths list must have same length as routes"
+        raise ValueError(msg)
 
     # plot the graph and the first route
     override = {"route", "route_color", "route_linewidth", "show", "save", "close"}
@@ -500,7 +505,8 @@ def plot_figure_ground(
         )
         G = simplification.simplify_graph(G, strict=False)
     else:  # pragma: no cover
-        raise ValueError("You must pass an address or lat-lng point or graph.")
+        msg = "You must pass an address or lat-lng point or graph."
+        raise ValueError(msg)
 
     # we need an undirected graph to find every edge incident on a node
     Gu = utils_graph.get_undirected(G)
@@ -819,7 +825,8 @@ def _get_colors_by_value(vals, num_bins, cmap, start, stop, na_color, equal_size
         series labels are node/edge IDs and values are colors
     """
     if len(vals) == 0:
-        raise ValueError("There are no attribute values.")
+        msg = "There are no attribute values."
+        raise ValueError(msg)
 
     if num_bins is None:
         # calculate min/max values based on start/stop and data range
@@ -974,6 +981,5 @@ def _verify_mpl():
     None
     """
     if cm is None or colors is None or plt is None or colormaps is None:  # pragma: no cover
-        raise ImportError(
-            "matplotlib must be installed as an optional dependency for visualization"
-        )
+        msg = "matplotlib must be installed as an optional dependency for visualization"
+        raise ImportError(msg)
diff --git a/osmnx/projection.py b/osmnx/projection.py
index 5bd325b6b..4d553b217 100644
--- a/osmnx/projection.py
+++ b/osmnx/projection.py
@@ -88,7 +88,8 @@ def project_gdf(gdf, to_crs=None, to_latlong=False):
         the projected GeoDataFrame
     """
     if gdf.crs is None or len(gdf) < 1:  # pragma: no cover
-        raise ValueError("GeoDataFrame must have a valid CRS and cannot be empty")
+        msg = "GeoDataFrame must have a valid CRS and cannot be empty"
+        raise ValueError(msg)
 
     # if to_latlong is True, project the gdf to latlong
     if to_latlong:
@@ -103,7 +104,8 @@ def project_gdf(gdf, to_crs=None, to_latlong=False):
     # otherwise, automatically project the gdf to UTM
     else:
         if is_projected(gdf.crs):  # pragma: no cover
-            raise ValueError("Geometry must be unprojected to calculate UTM zone")
+            msg = "Geometry must be unprojected to calculate UTM zone"
+            raise ValueError(msg)
 
         # calculate approximate longitude of centroid of union of all geometries in gdf
         avg_lng = gdf["geometry"].representative_point().x.mean()
diff --git a/osmnx/simplification.py b/osmnx/simplification.py
index 872034e91..02ccbe4d4 100644
--- a/osmnx/simplification.py
+++ b/osmnx/simplification.py
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ def _is_endpoint(G, node, strict=True):
         return True
 
     # rule 3
-    elif not (n == 2 and (d == 2 or d == 4)):
+    elif not (n == 2 and (d == 2 or d == 4)):  # noqa: PLR2004
         # else, if it does NOT have 2 neighbors AND either 2 or 4 directed
         # edges, it is an endpoint. either it has 1 or 3+ neighbors, in which
         # case it is a dead-end or an intersection of multiple streets or it has
@@ -128,8 +128,7 @@ def _build_path(G, endpoint, endpoint_successor, endpoints):
 
                 # 99%+ of the time there will be only 1 successor: add to path
                 if len(successors) == 1:
-                    successor = successors[0]
-                    path.append(successor)
+                    path.append(successors[0])
 
                 # handle relatively rare cases or OSM digitization quirks
                 elif len(successors) == 0:
@@ -149,7 +148,8 @@ def _build_path(G, endpoint, endpoint_successor, endpoints):
                     # if successor has >1 successors, then successor must have
                     # been an endpoint because you can go in 2 new directions.
                     # this should never occur in practice
-                    raise Exception(f"Unexpected simplify pattern failed near {successor}")
+                    msg = f"Unexpected simplify pattern failed near {successor}"
+                    raise Exception(msg)
 
             # if this successor is an endpoint, we've completed the path
             return path
@@ -254,7 +254,8 @@ def simplify_graph(G, strict=True, remove_rings=True, track_merged=False):
         each simplified edge
     """
     if "simplified" in G.graph and G.graph["simplified"]:  # pragma: no cover
-        raise Exception("This graph has already been simplified, cannot simplify it again.")
+        msg = "This graph has already been simplified, cannot simplify it again."
+        raise Exception(msg)
 
     utils.log("Begin topologically simplifying the graph...")
 
@@ -429,14 +430,12 @@ def consolidate_intersections(
             return G
         else:
             return _consolidate_intersections_rebuild_graph(G, tolerance, reconnect_edges)
-
+    elif not G:
+        # if graph has no nodes, just return empty GeoSeries
+        return gpd.GeoSeries(crs=G.graph["crs"])
     else:
-        if not G:
-            # if graph has no nodes, just return empty GeoSeries
-            return gpd.GeoSeries(crs=G.graph["crs"])
-        else:
-            # return the centroids of the merged intersection polygons
-            return _merge_nodes_geometric(G, tolerance).centroid
+        # return the centroids of the merged intersection polygons
+        return _merge_nodes_geometric(G, tolerance).centroid
 
 
 def _merge_nodes_geometric(G, tolerance):
diff --git a/osmnx/speed.py b/osmnx/speed.py
index e4095c196..76fde32dc 100644
--- a/osmnx/speed.py
+++ b/osmnx/speed.py
@@ -115,11 +115,11 @@ def add_edge_speeds(G, hwy_speeds=None, fallback=None, precision=None, agg=np.me
     # all speeds will be null if edges had no preexisting maxspeed data and
     # caller did not pass in hwy_speeds or fallback arguments
     if pd.isnull(speed_kph).all():
-        raise ValueError(
-            "this graph's edges have no preexisting `maxspeed` "
-            "attribute values so you must pass `hwy_speeds` or "
-            "`fallback` arguments."
+        msg = (
+            "this graph's edges have no preexisting `maxspeed` attribute "
+            "values so you must pass `hwy_speeds` or `fallback` arguments."
         )
+        raise ValueError(msg)
 
     # add speed kph attribute to graph edges
     edges["speed_kph"] = speed_kph.round(precision).values
@@ -161,12 +161,13 @@ def add_edge_travel_times(G, precision=None):
 
     # verify edge length and speed_kph attributes exist and contain no nulls
     if not ("length" in edges.columns and "speed_kph" in edges.columns):  # pragma: no cover
-        raise KeyError("all edges must have `length` and `speed_kph` attributes.")
-    else:
-        if (
-            pd.isnull(edges["length"]).any() or pd.isnull(edges["speed_kph"]).any()
-        ):  # pragma: no cover
-            raise ValueError("edge `length` and `speed_kph` values must be non-null.")
+        msg = "all edges must have `length` and `speed_kph` attributes."
+        raise KeyError(msg)
+    elif (
+        pd.isnull(edges["length"]).any() or pd.isnull(edges["speed_kph"]).any()
+    ):  # pragma: no cover
+        msg = "edge `length` and `speed_kph` values must be non-null."
+        raise ValueError(msg)
 
     # convert distance meters to km, and speed km per hour to km per second
     distance_km = edges["length"] / 1000
diff --git a/osmnx/stats.py b/osmnx/stats.py
index ac5fe83f1..7fa05efdf 100644
--- a/osmnx/stats.py
+++ b/osmnx/stats.py
@@ -143,7 +143,8 @@ def street_segment_count(Gu):
         count of street segments in graph
     """
     if nx.is_directed(Gu):  # pragma: no cover
-        raise ValueError("`Gu` must be undirected")
+        msg = "`Gu` must be undirected"
+        raise ValueError(msg)
     return len(Gu.edges)
 
 
@@ -162,7 +163,8 @@ def street_length_total(Gu):
         total length (meters) of streets in graph
     """
     if nx.is_directed(Gu):  # pragma: no cover
-        raise ValueError("`Gu` must be undirected")
+        msg = "`Gu` must be undirected"
+        raise ValueError(msg)
     return sum(d["length"] for u, v, d in Gu.edges(data=True))
 
 
@@ -200,7 +202,8 @@ def self_loop_proportion(Gu):
         proportion of graph edges that are self-loops
     """
     if nx.is_directed(Gu):  # pragma: no cover
-        raise ValueError("`Gu` must be undirected")
+        msg = "`Gu` must be undirected"
+        raise ValueError(msg)
     return sum(u == v for u, v, k in Gu.edges) / len(Gu.edges)
 
 
@@ -223,7 +226,8 @@ def circuity_avg(Gu):
         the graph's average undirected edge circuity
     """
     if nx.is_directed(Gu):  # pragma: no cover
-        raise ValueError("`Gu` must be undirected")
+        msg = "`Gu` must be undirected"
+        raise ValueError(msg)
 
     # extract the edges' endpoint nodes' coordinates
     coords = np.array(
diff --git a/osmnx/truncate.py b/osmnx/truncate.py
index cbaa284f8..8eb7b1640 100644
--- a/osmnx/truncate.py
+++ b/osmnx/truncate.py
@@ -158,7 +158,8 @@ def truncate_graph_polygon(
 
     if not to_keep:
         # no graph nodes within the polygon: can't create a graph from that
-        raise ValueError("Found no graph nodes within the requested polygon")
+        msg = "Found no graph nodes within the requested polygon"
+        raise ValueError(msg)
 
     # now identify all nodes whose point geometries lie outside the polygon
     gs_nodes_outside_poly = gs_nodes[~gs_nodes.index.isin(to_keep)]
diff --git a/osmnx/utils.py b/osmnx/utils.py
index 24f00ba7d..7d30e90ed 100644
--- a/osmnx/utils.py
+++ b/osmnx/utils.py
@@ -31,14 +31,14 @@ def citation(style="bibtex"):
     None
     """
     if style == "apa":
-        print(
+        msg = (
             "Boeing, G. (2017). OSMnx: New Methods for Acquiring, Constructing, "
             "Analyzing, and Visualizing Complex Street Networks. Computers, "
             "Environment and Urban Systems, 65, 126-139. "
             "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2017.05.004"
         )
     elif style == "bibtex":
-        print(
+        msg = (
             "@article{boeing_osmnx_2017,\n"
             "    title = {{OSMnx}: {New} {Methods} for {Acquiring}, "
             "{Constructing}, {Analyzing}, and {Visualizing} {Complex} "
@@ -53,14 +53,17 @@ def citation(style="bibtex"):
             "}"
         )
     elif style == "ieee":
-        print(
+        msg = (
             'G. Boeing, "OSMnx: New Methods for Acquiring, Constructing, '
             'Analyzing, and Visualizing Complex Street Networks," Computers, '
             "Environment and Urban Systems, vol. 65, pp. 126-139, 2017, "
             "doi: 10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2017.05.004."
         )
     else:  # pragma: no cover
-        raise ValueError(f"unrecognized citation style {style!r}")
+        err_msg = f"unrecognized citation style {style!r}"
+        raise ValueError(err_msg)
+
+    print(msg)  # noqa: T201
 
 
 def ts(style="datetime", template=None):
@@ -88,7 +91,8 @@ def ts(style="datetime", template=None):
         elif style == "time":
             template = "{:%H:%M:%S}"
         else:  # pragma: no cover
-            raise ValueError(f"unrecognized timestamp style {style!r}")
+            msg = f"unrecognized timestamp style {style!r}"
+            raise ValueError(msg)
 
     ts = template.format(dt.datetime.now())
     return ts
diff --git a/osmnx/utils_geo.py b/osmnx/utils_geo.py
index 33818cc30..194ccd1e4 100644
--- a/osmnx/utils_geo.py
+++ b/osmnx/utils_geo.py
@@ -76,7 +76,8 @@ def interpolate_points(geom, dist):
             point = geom.interpolate(n / num_vert, normalized=True)
             yield point.x, point.y
     else:  # pragma: no cover
-        raise TypeError(f"unhandled geometry type {geom.geom_type}")
+        msg = f"unhandled geometry type {geom.geom_type}"
+        raise TypeError(msg)
 
 
 def _round_polygon_coords(p, precision):
@@ -234,7 +235,8 @@ def round_geometry_coords(geom, precision):
         return _round_multipolygon_coords(geom, precision)
 
     else:  # pragma: no cover
-        raise TypeError(f"cannot round coordinates of unhandled geometry type: {type(geom)}")
+        msg = f"cannot round coordinates of unhandled geometry type: {type(geom)}"
+        raise TypeError(msg)
 
 
 def _consolidate_subdivide_geometry(geometry, max_query_area_size=None):
@@ -271,7 +273,8 @@ def _consolidate_subdivide_geometry(geometry, max_query_area_size=None):
     quadrat_width = np.sqrt(max_query_area_size)
 
     if not isinstance(geometry, (Polygon, MultiPolygon)):  # pragma: no cover
-        raise TypeError("Geometry must be a shapely Polygon or MultiPolygon")
+        msg = "Geometry must be a shapely Polygon or MultiPolygon"
+        raise TypeError(msg)
 
     # if geometry is either 1) a Polygon whose area exceeds the max size, or
     # 2) a MultiPolygon, then get the convex hull around the geometry
@@ -306,7 +309,8 @@ def _get_polygons_coordinates(geometry):
     polygon_coord_strs : list
     """
     if not isinstance(geometry, MultiPolygon):  # pragma: no cover
-        raise TypeError("Geometry must be a shapely MultiPolygon")
+        msg = "Geometry must be a shapely MultiPolygon"
+        raise TypeError(msg)
 
     # extract geometry's exterior coords
     polygons_coords = []
@@ -409,11 +413,11 @@ def _intersect_index_quadrats(geometries, polygon, quadrat_width=0.05, min_num=3
     for poly in multipoly.geoms:
         # first find approximate matches with spatial index, then precise
         # matches from those approximate ones
-        poly = poly.buffer(0)
-        if poly.is_valid and poly.area > 0:
-            possible_matches_iloc = sindex.intersection(poly.bounds)
+        poly_buff = poly.buffer(0)
+        if poly_buff.is_valid and poly_buff.area > 0:
+            possible_matches_iloc = sindex.intersection(poly_buff.bounds)
             possible_matches = geometries.iloc[list(possible_matches_iloc)]
-            precise_matches = possible_matches[possible_matches.intersects(poly)]
+            precise_matches = possible_matches[possible_matches.intersects(poly_buff)]
             geoms_in_poly.update(precise_matches.index)
 
     utils.log(f"Identified {len(geoms_in_poly):,} geometries inside polygon")
diff --git a/osmnx/utils_graph.py b/osmnx/utils_graph.py
index b156f79c5..22e0c4166 100644
--- a/osmnx/utils_graph.py
+++ b/osmnx/utils_graph.py
@@ -42,7 +42,8 @@ def graph_to_gdfs(G, nodes=True, edges=True, node_geometry=True, fill_edge_geome
 
     if nodes:
         if not G.nodes:  # pragma: no cover
-            raise ValueError("graph contains no nodes")
+            msg = "graph contains no nodes"
+            raise ValueError(msg)
 
         nodes, data = zip(*G.nodes(data=True))
 
@@ -58,7 +59,8 @@ def graph_to_gdfs(G, nodes=True, edges=True, node_geometry=True, fill_edge_geome
 
     if edges:
         if not G.edges:  # pragma: no cover
-            raise ValueError("graph contains no edges")
+            msg = "graph contains no edges"
+            raise ValueError(msg)
 
         u, v, k, data = zip(*G.edges(keys=True, data=True))
 
@@ -99,7 +101,8 @@ def _make_geom(u, v, data, x=x_lookup, y=y_lookup):
     elif edges:
         return gdf_edges
     else:  # pragma: no cover
-        raise ValueError("you must request nodes or edges or both")
+        msg = "you must request nodes or edges or both"
+        raise ValueError(msg)
 
 
 def graph_from_gdfs(gdf_nodes, gdf_edges, graph_attrs=None):
@@ -133,7 +136,8 @@ def graph_from_gdfs(gdf_nodes, gdf_edges, graph_attrs=None):
     G : networkx.MultiDiGraph
     """
     if not ("x" in gdf_nodes.columns and "y" in gdf_nodes.columns):  # pragma: no cover
-        raise ValueError("gdf_nodes must contain x and y columns")
+        msg = "gdf_nodes must contain x and y columns"
+        raise ValueError(msg)
 
     # if gdf_nodes has a geometry attribute set, drop that column (as we use x
     # and y for geometry information) and warn the user if the geometry values
@@ -142,7 +146,8 @@ def graph_from_gdfs(gdf_nodes, gdf_edges, graph_attrs=None):
         try:
             all_x_match = (gdf_nodes.geometry.x == gdf_nodes["x"]).all()
             all_y_match = (gdf_nodes.geometry.y == gdf_nodes["y"]).all()
-            assert all_x_match and all_y_match
+            assert all_x_match
+            assert all_y_match
         except (AssertionError, ValueError):  # pragma: no cover
             # AssertionError if x/y coords don't match geometry column
             # ValueError if geometry column contains non-point geometry types
diff --git a/pyproject.toml b/pyproject.toml
index 85fbb8db5..f5c22439c 100644
--- a/pyproject.toml
+++ b/pyproject.toml
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ license = {text = "MIT License"}
 maintainers = [{name = "OSMnx contributors"}]
 name = "osmnx"
 readme = "README.md"
-requires-python = ">=3.8"
+requires-python = ">=3.8"  # match classifiers above and ruff target-version below
 urls.Documentation = "https://osmnx.readthedocs.io"
 urls.Repository = "https://github.com/gboeing/osmnx"
 
@@ -60,21 +60,45 @@ path = "osmnx/_version.py"
 [tool.ruff]
 cache-dir = "~/.cache/ruff"
 exclude = ["build/*"]
-ignore = ["E501"]
-line-length = 100
-select = ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E", "ERA", "F", "I", "W"]
+ignore = ["PLR091"] # ignore because we're already checking mccabe complexity
+line-length = 110  # black line length + 10%
+select = ["A",   # check python builtins being used as variables or parameters
+          "ARG", # check unused function arguments
+          "B",   # check common design problems
+          "C4",  # check proper comprehensions
+          "C9",  # check mccabe complexity
+          "D",   # check docstring conventions a la pydocstyle
+          "E",   # check code style conventions a la pycodestyle errors
+          "EM",  # check raw literals inside exception raising
+          "ERA", # eradicate commented-out code from python files
+          "F",   # check python source code for errors a la pyflakes
+          "I",   # check isort imports
+          "ISC", # check implicit string literal concatenation
+          "PGH", # check pygrep hooks
+          "PL",  # check code errors and smells a la pylint
+          "PT",  # check common pytest issues
+          "PTH", # check pathlib usage
+          "T20", # check for print statements
+          "UP",  # check outdated syntax a la pyupgrade
+          "W"]   # check code style conventions a la pycodestyle warnings
+target-version = "py38"
 
 [tool.ruff.isort]
 force-single-line = true
 
 [tool.ruff.mccabe]
-max-complexity = 15
+max-complexity = 14
 
 [tool.ruff.per-file-ignores]
-"./docs/conf.py" = ["A001"]
-"./osmnx/__init__.py" = ["F401", "F403"]
-"./osmnx/_api.py" = ["F401"]
-"./tests/test_osmnx.py" = ["E402", "D103", "F841", "I001"]
+"./docs/conf.py" = ["A001"]  # allow copyright variable for sphinx
+"./osmnx/__init__.py" = ["F401",  # allow API imports to go unused
+                         "F403"]  # allow import * from API
+"./osmnx/_api.py" = ["F401"]  # allow API imports to go unused
+"./tests/test_osmnx.py" = ["E402",  # allow imports not at top
+                           "D103",  # allow missing function docstrings
+                           "F841",  # allow unused local variables
+                           "I001",  # allow unsorted imports
+                           "PLR2004"]  # allow magic values in comparisons
 
 [tool.ruff.pydocstyle]
 convention = "numpy"
diff --git a/tests/README.md b/tests/README.md
index 9ac0f7729..66844bd8e 100644
--- a/tests/README.md
+++ b/tests/README.md
@@ -2,10 +2,10 @@
 
 First, ensure that you have installed the necessary [dependencies](../environments/tests/env-ci.yml) for the test suite. Then use the repository's [pre-commit hooks](../.pre-commit-config.yaml) and the scripts in this folder to:
 
-  - format code/docstrings to the project's style
-  - lint the code
-  - lint the docstrings
-  - run tests and coverage
+- format code/docstrings to the project's style
+- lint the code
+- lint the docstrings
+- run tests and coverage
 
 You can read more about the project's standards and code/docstring style in the [contributing guidelines](../CONTRIBUTING.md).
 
@@ -29,11 +29,11 @@ bash ./tests/lint_test.sh
 
 All PRs trigger continuous integration tests via GitHub Actions. See the [configuration](../.github/workflows/ci.yml). The following steps are automatically run:
 
-  - build the docs
-  - check code formatting
-  - lint the docstrings
-  - lint the code
-  - tests and coverage
+- build the docs
+- check code formatting
+- lint the docstrings
+- lint the code
+- tests and coverage
 
 ## Releases
 
diff --git a/tests/environments/env-test-minimal.yml b/tests/environments/env-test-minimal.yml
index 444a10477..9cb9fbfa0 100644
--- a/tests/environments/env-test-minimal.yml
+++ b/tests/environments/env-test-minimal.yml
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ dependencies:
   - networkx=2.5
   - numpy=1.20
   - pandas=1.1
-  - python=3.8  # pin to minimum version from /pyproject.toml
+  - python=3.8 # pin to minimum version from /pyproject.toml
   - requests=2.25
   - shapely=2.0
 
@@ -35,4 +35,4 @@ dependencies:
 
   # docs
   - furo
-  - sphinx=6  # pin to version from /docs/requirements.txt
+  - sphinx=6 # pin to version from /docs/requirements.txt
diff --git a/tests/lint_test.sh b/tests/lint_test.sh
index fd22ac333..da9d96ea0 100644
--- a/tests/lint_test.sh
+++ b/tests/lint_test.sh
@@ -7,13 +7,13 @@ set -e
 rm -r -f .coverage .pytest_cache .temp ./dist/ ./docs/_build osmnx/__pycache__ tests/__pycache__
 find . -type f -name "*.vrt" -delete
 
-# test building and validating the package
-hatch build --clean
-twine check --strict ./dist/*
-
 # lint
 pre-commit run --all-files
 
+# test building and validating the package
+#hatch build --clean
+#twine check --strict ./dist/*
+
 # build the docs
 # make -C ./docs html
 # python -m sphinx -b linkcheck docs/ docs/_build/linkcheck
diff --git a/tests/test_osmnx.py b/tests/test_osmnx.py
index 5332dd594..e7267ce63 100755
--- a/tests/test_osmnx.py
+++ b/tests/test_osmnx.py
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
 import numpy as np
 import pandas as pd
 import pytest
+from requests.exceptions import ConnectionError
 from shapely import wkt
 from shapely.geometry import LineString
 from shapely.geometry import MultiLineString
@@ -165,7 +166,7 @@ def test_osm_xml():
             assert edge_key in G.edges
             assert G.edges[edge_key]["name"] in ("8th Street", "Willow Street")
 
-    os.remove(temp_filename)
+    Path.unlink(Path(temp_filename))
 
     # test .osm xml saving
     default_all_oneway = ox.settings.all_oneway
@@ -374,7 +375,7 @@ def test_endpoints():
     response_json = ox._downloader._nominatim_request(params=params, request_type="lookup")
 
     # Invalid nominatim query type
-    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Nominatim request_type must be"):
         response_json = ox._downloader._nominatim_request(params=params, request_type="xyz")
 
     default_key = ox.settings.nominatim_key
@@ -388,7 +389,7 @@ def test_endpoints():
     # Test changing the endpoint.
     # This should fail because we didn't provide a valid endpoint
     ox.settings.overpass_endpoint = "http://NOT_A_VALID_ENDPOINT/api/"
-    with pytest.raises(Exception) as ex:
+    with pytest.raises(ConnectionError, match="Max retries exceeded with url"):
         G = ox.graph_from_place(place1, network_type="all")
 
     ox.settings.nominatim_key = default_key
@@ -458,7 +459,7 @@ def test_graph_save_load():
     G2 = ox.load_graphml(filepath, node_dtypes=nd, edge_dtypes=ed)
 
     # test loading graphml from a file stream
-    file_bytes = open("tests/input_data/short.graphml", "rb").read()
+    file_bytes = Path.open(Path("tests/input_data/short.graphml"), "rb").read()
     data = str(file_bytes.decode())
     G = ox.load_graphml(graphml_str=data, node_dtypes=nd, edge_dtypes=ed)
 
@@ -550,4 +551,4 @@ def test_features():
     for filename in ("tests/input_data/West-Oakland.osm.bz2", temp_filename):
         gdf = ox.geometries_from_xml(filename)
         assert "Willow Street" in gdf["name"].values
-    os.remove(temp_filename)
+    Path.unlink(Path(temp_filename))