A lot of people is learning linux, for development reasons. They sometimes forget the commands. To help them memorize the commands, I made this repo. This is my personal repo, where I keep all the commands I use. I hope this repo helps you too. I provided a short description with it, also usage and an example.Remember,these are bash commands.
- Most Used Commands
- Not that much used Commands
- All in one chart
- Contributing
- License
- Author
- Conclusion
This command is used to list the files and directories in the current directory. You can either use ls or ls -l to list the files in long format. Or, you can use ls -a to list all files including hidden files. You can also use ls -lh to list the files in long format with human-readable file sizes. And, use ls -R to list all files in the subdirectories. And, use ls -t to list the files by last modified time. Also, use ls -S to list the files by file size. You can also specify the path after the ls command to list the files in that directory.
lsDesktop Documents Downloads Music Pictures VideosThis command is used to change the directory. You can use cd to change to the home directory. Or, you can use cd .. to move to the parent directory. You can also use cd - to move to the previous directory. You can also specify the path after the cd command to move to that directory. Or,use cd ../.. to move two directories down. You can use cd ~ to move to the home directory. You can also use cd / to move to the root directory. You can also use cd then the directory path to move to that directory.
cd/home/usernameThis command is used to print the current working directory. You can use pwd to print the current working directory.
pwd/home/usernameThis command is used to create a new file. You can use touch then the file name to create a new file.
touch file.txtfile.txtThis command is used to create a new directory. You can use mkdir then the directory name to create a new directory.
mkdir directorydirectoryThis command is used to remove files or directories. You can use rm then the file name to remove a file. You can also use rm -r then the directory name to remove a directory. Or, rm -rf then the directory name to remove a directory forcefully. You can also use rm -i then the file name to remove a file interactively. You can append sudo before the rm command to remove a file or directory that requires root permission. Remember, the rm command is irreversible.
rm file.txtIf you use the command ls then you will see the file is removed.
This command is used to copy files or directories. You can use cp then the source file name and the destination file name to copy a file. You can also use cp -r then the source directory name and the destination directory name to copy a directory. You can also use cp -i then the source file name and the destination file name to copy a file interactively. You can append sudo before the cp command to copy a file or directory that requires root permission.
cp file.txt file2.txtfile2.txtcp -r directory directory2directory2You will see the files are copied.
This command is used to move files or directories. You can use mv then the source file name and the destination file name to move a file. You can also use mv -i then the source file name and the destination file name to move a file interactively. You can append sudo before the mv command to move a file or directory that requires root permission.
mv file.txt directorydirectory/file.txtThis command is used to display the contents of a file. You can use cat then the file name to display the contents of a file. You can also use cat -n then the file name to display the contents of a file with line numbers. You can also use cat -b then the file name to display the contents of a file with line numbers except for blank lines. You can also use cat -s then the file name to display the contents of a file with multiple blank lines compressed into a single blank line.
cat file.txtHello WorldIf file.txt contains Hello World, then the output will be Hello World. If there is nothing, then the output will be empty.
This command is used to display the contents of a file one page at a time. You can use more then the file name to display the contents of a file one page at a time. You can use the space key to move to the next page. You can use the enter key to move to the next line. You can use the q key to quit the display. You can use the b key to move to the previous page.
more file.txtHello WorldThis command is used to display the contents of a file one page at a time. You can use less then the file name to display the contents of a file one page at a time. You can use the space key to move to the next page. You can use the enter key to move to the next line. You can use the q key to quit the display. You can use the b key to move to the previous page. You can use the / key to search for a pattern in the file. You can use the n key to move to the next occurrence of the pattern. You can use the N key to move to the previous occurrence of the pattern. This command is similar to the more command. But, it is mainly used if the file is so big that no text editor can handle it.
less file.txtHello WorldIf file.txt contains Hello World, then the output will be Hello World. If there is nothing, then the output will be empty.
This command is used to display the first few lines of a file. You can use head then the file name to display the first few lines of a file. You can also use head -n then the number of lines and the file name to display the first few lines of a file. You can also use head -c then the number of bytes and the file name to display the first few bytes of a file.
head file.txtThis is the headlineIf file.txt contains This is the headline at the headline, then the output will be This is the headline. If there is nothing, then the output will be empty.
This command is used to display the last few lines of a file. You can use tail then the file name to display the last few lines of a file. You can also use tail -n then the number of lines and the file name to display the last few lines of a file. You can also use tail -c then the number of bytes and the file name to display the last few bytes of a file. You can also use tail -f then the file name to display the last few lines of a file and keep the file open for new lines.
tail file.txtThis is the last lineIf file.txt contains This is the last line at the end, then the output will be This is the last line. If there is nothing, then the output will be empty.
This command is used to search for a pattern in a file. You can use grep then the pattern and the file name to search for a pattern in a file. You can also use grep -i then the pattern and the file name to search for a pattern in a file case-insensitively. You can also use grep -v then the pattern and the file name to search for a pattern in a file inversely. You can also use grep -c then the pattern and the file name to search for a pattern in a file and display the count of the pattern. You can also use grep -n then the pattern and the file name to search for a pattern in a file and display the line numbers of the pattern. You can also use grep -l then the pattern and the file name to search for a pattern in a file and display the file names containing the pattern. You can also use grep -r then the pattern and the directory name to search for a pattern in a directory recursively.
grep "pattern" file.txtpatternIf file.txt contains pattern 1 or more times, then the output will be pattern. If there is nothing, then the output will be empty.
This command is used to find files or directories. You can use find then the directory name to find files or directories in a directory. You can also use find -name then the file name to find files or directories with the specified name. You can also use find -iname then the file name to find files or directories with the specified name case-insensitively. You can also use find -type then the file type to find files or directories with the specified type. You can also use find -empty to find empty files or directories. You can also use find -size then the file size to find files or directories with the specified size. You can also use find -exec then the command to execute the command on the found files or directories.
find directorydirectoryIf the directory exists, then the output will be the directory name. If there is nothing, then the output will be empty.
This command is used to find the binary, source, and manual page files for a command. You can use whereis then the command name to find the binary, source, and manual page files for a command.
whereis lsls: /bin/lsThis command is used to find the location of a command. You can use which then the command name to find the location of a command.
which ls/bin/lsThis command is used to display the manual page of a command. You can use man then the command name to display the manual page of a command. You can use the space key to move to the next page. You can use the enter key to move to the next line. You can use the q key to quit the display. You can use the / key to search for a pattern in the manual page. You can use the n key to move to the next occurrence of the pattern. You can use the N key to move to the previous occurrence of the pattern.
man brewBREW(1) Homebrew Manual BREW(1)
NAME
brew - The Missing Package Manager for macOS
SYNOPSIS
brew command [options] [formula]
brew help [command]
brew home
brew --version
brew --prefix
brew --cache
brew --cellar
brew --repository
brew update
brew list [--full-name]
brew search [text|/text/]
brew install formula
brew uninstall formula
brew info [formula]
brew deps formula
brew uses formula
brew outdated
brew upgrade [formula]
brew pin formula
brew unpin formula
brew list [formula]
brew cleanup
brew doctor
brew missing
brew link formula
brew unlink formula
brew switch formula
brew list --versions formula
brew cat formula
brew edit formula
brew create [URL [--no-fetch]]
brew home formula
brew options formula
brew install formula
brew fetch [formula]
brew update
brew upgrade
brew uninstall formula
brew pin formula
brew unpin formula
brew tap user/repo
brew tap --repair
brew tap --list
brew tap --prune
brew tap --search
brew tap --list-official
brew tap --list-pinned
brew tap --list-unpinned
brew tap --list-versions
brew tap --list-pinned-versions
brew tap --list-unpinned-versions
brew tap --list-pinned-official
brew tap --list-unpinned-official
brew tap --list-pinned-user
brew tap --list-unpinned-user
brew tap --list-pinned-user-versions
brew tap --list-unpinned-user-versions
brew tap --list-pinned-user-officialAnd, it will show you a lot more. I am not going to show you the whole manual page. This manual page is for homebrew. If you want to see the manual page of a command, then use man then the command name.
This command is used to change the permissions of a file or directory. You can use chmod then the permissions and the file name to change the permissions of a file or directory. You can also use chmod -R then the permissions and the directory name to change the permissions of a directory recursively. You can also use chmod u+x then the file name to add execute permission to the owner of the file. You can also use chmod g+x then the file name to add execute permission to the group of the file. You can also use chmod o+x then the file name to add execute permission to others. You can also use chmod a+x then the file name to add execute permission to all. You can also use chmod u-x then the file name to remove execute permission from the owner of the file. You can also use chmod g-x then the file name to remove execute permission from the group of the file. You can also use chmod o-x then the file name to remove execute permission from others. You can also use chmod a-x then the file name to remove execute permission from all. You can also use chmod u=rwx then the file name to set read, write, and execute permissions for the owner of the file. You can also use chmod g=rwx then the file name to set read, write, and execute permissions for the group of the file. You can also use chmod o=rwx then the file name to set read, write, and execute permissions for others. You can also use chmod a=rwx then the file name to set read, write, and execute permissions for all. You can also use chmod 777 then the file name to set read, write, and execute permissions for all. You can also use chmod 755 then the file name to set read, write, and execute permissions for the owner and read and execute permissions for the group and others. You can also use chmod 644 then the file name to set read and write permissions for the owner and read permissions for the group and others. You can also use chmod 600 then the file name to set read and write permissions for the owner and no permissions for the group and others. You can also use chmod 666 then the file name to set read and write permissions for all. You can also use chmod 444 then the file name to set read permissions for all. You can also use chmod 400 then the file name to set read permissions for the owner and no permissions for the group and others. You can also use chmod 200 then the file name to set write permissions for the owner and no permissions for the group and others. You can also use chmod 100 then the file name to set execute permissions for the owner and no permissions for the group and others. You can also use chmod 000 then the file name to set no permissions for all.
chmod 777 file.txtfile.txtIf you use the command ls -l then you will see the permissions are changed.
This command is used to change the owner of a file or directory. You can use chown then the owner name and the file name to change the owner of a file or directory. You can also use chown -R then the owner name and the directory name to change the owner of a directory recursively. You can also use chown owner:group then the owner name, group name, and the file name to change the owner and group of a file or directory. You can also use chown -R owner:group then the owner name, group name, and the directory name to change the owner and group of a directory recursively.
chown owner file.txtfile.txtIf you use the command ls -l then you will see the owner is changed.
This command is used to print the current user. You can use whoami to print the current user.
whoamiusernameThis command is used to print the current date and time. You can use date to print the current date and time. The format will be Day, Date, Month, Year, Time, Timezone.
dateSun 10 Oct 2021 10:10:10 PM ISTThis command is used to print the calendar of the current month. You can use cal to print the calendar of the current month.
cal October 2021
Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa
1 2
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
10 11 12 13 14 15 16
17 18 19 20 21 22 23
24 25 26 27 28 29 30
31This command is used to clear the terminal. You can use clear to clear the terminal. You can do ctrl+l to clear the terminal too.
clearYou will see the terminal is cleared.
This command is used to print a message. You can use echo then the message to print a message. You can also use echo -e then the message to print a message with escape characters interpreted. You can also use echo -n then the message to print a message without a newline.
echo "Hello World"Hello WorldThis command is used to print the system information. You can use uname to print the system information. You can also use uname -a to print all the system information. You can also use uname -s to print the system name. You can also use uname -n to print the network node hostname. You can also use uname -r to print the kernel release. You can also use uname -v to print the kernel version. You can also use uname -m to print the machine hardware name. You can also use uname -p to print the processor type. You can also use uname -i to print the hardware platform. You can also use uname -o to print the operating system.
unameLinuxThis command is used to print the uptime of the system. You can use uptime to print the uptime of the system.
uptime10:10:10 up 10 days, 10:10, 10 users, load average: 1.10, 1.10, 1.10If the system is up for 10 days,10 hours,10 minutes, then the output will be 10:10:10 up 10 days, 10:10, 10 users, load average: 1.10, 1.10, 1.10. If there is nothing, then the output will be empty.
This command is used to print the users who are currently logged in and what they are doing. You can use w to print the users who are currently logged in and what they are doing.
w10:10:10 up 10 days, 10:10, 10 users, load average: 1.10, 1.10, 1.10
USER TTY FROM LOGIN@ IDLE JCPU PCPU WHAT
username tty1 :0 10:10 10:10 10:10 10:10 -bashIf the user is logged in and is doing something, then the output will be the user's information. If there is nothing, then the output will be empty.
This command is used to print the users who are currently logged in. You can use who to print the users who are currently logged in.
whousername tty1 2021-10-10 10:10 (:0)If the user is logged in, then the output will be the user's information. If there is nothing, then the output will be empty.
This command is used to print the currently running processes. You can use ps to print the currently running processes. You can also use ps -e to print all the processes. You can also use ps -f to print the full-format listing. You can also use ps -l to print the long-format listing. You can also use ps -u then the username to print the processes of the user. You can also use ps -aux to print all the processes in full-format listing.
ps PID TTY TIME CMD
123 tty1 00:00:00 bashIf the process is running, then the output will be the process information. It will also show system running processes.
This command is used to kill a process. You can use kill then the process ID to kill a process. You can also use kill -9 then the process ID to kill a process forcefully. You can also use kill -l to list all the signals.
kill 123If the process is killed, then the output will be empty.
This command is used to kill all processes by name. You can use killall then the process name to kill all processes by name. You can also use killall -9 then the process name to kill all processes by name forcefully.
killall bashIf the process is killed, then the output will be empty.
This command is used to kill a process by name. You can use pkill then the process name to kill a process by name. You can also use pkill -9 then the process name to kill a process by name forcefully.
pkill bashIf the process is killed, then the output will be empty.
This command is used to find the process ID by name. You can use pgrep then the process name to find the process ID by name.
pgrep bash123If the process is found, then the output will be the process ID. If there is nothing, then the output will be empty.
This command is used to display the dynamic real-time view of a running system. You can use top to display the dynamic real-time view of a running system. You can use the q key to quit the display.
toptop - 10:10:10 up 10 days, 10:10, 10 users, load average: 1.10, 1.10, 1.10
Tasks: 123 total, 1 running, 122 sleeping, 0 stopped, 0 zombie
%Cpu(s): 10.0 us, 10.0 sy, 10.0 ni, 10.0 id, 10.0 wa, 10.0 hi, 10.0 si, 10.0 st
MiB Mem : 1000.0 total, 100.0 free, 900.0 used, 100.0 buff/cache
PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND
123 username 20 0 100.0m 10.0m 10.0m S 10.0 1.0 10:10.10 bashIf the system is running, then the output will be the system information. If there is nothing, then the output will be empty.
This command is used to display the dynamic real-time view of a running system. You can use htop to display the dynamic real-time view of a running system. You can use the q key to quit the display.
htop
This command is used to display the amount of free and used memory in the system. You can use free to display the amount of free and used memory in the system.
free total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 1000.0 900.0 100.0 10.0 100.0 100.0
Swap: 1000.0 900.0 100.0This command is used to display the amount of disk space available on the file system. You can use df to display the amount of disk space available on the file system. You can also use df -h to display the amount of disk space available on the file system in human-readable format. You can also use df -T to display the amount of disk space available on the file system with the file system type.
dfFilesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
udev 1000000 0 1000000 0% /dev
tmpfs 1000000 100 100000 1% /run
/dev/sda1 1000000 10000 900000 1% /
tmpfs 1000000 100 100000 1% /dev/shm
tmpfs 1000000 100 100000 1% /run/lock
tmpfs 1000000 100 100000 1% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda2 1000000 10000 900000 1% /home
tmpfs 1000000 100 100000 1% /run/user/1000| Command | Description | Usage |
|---|---|---|
ls |
List files and directories | ls |
cd |
Change directory | cd |
pwd |
Print current working directory | pwd |
touch |
Create a new file | touch file.txt |
mkdir |
Create a new directory | mkdir directory |
rm |
Remove files or directories | rm file.txt |
cp |
Copy files or directories | cp file.txt file2.txt |
mv |
Move files or directories | mv file.txt directory |
cat |
Display the contents of a file | cat file.txt |
more |
Display the contents of a file one page at a time | more file.txt |
less |
Display the contents of a file one page at a time | less file.txt |
head |
Display the first few lines of a file | head file.txt |
tail |
Display the last few lines of a file | tail file.txt |
grep |
Search for a pattern in a file | grep "pattern" file.txt |
find |
Find files or directories | find directory |
whereis |
Find the binary, source, and manual page files for a command | whereis ls |
which |
Find the location of a command | which ls |
man |
Display the manual page of a command | man brew |
chmod |
Change the permissions of a file or directory | chmod 777 file.txt |
chown |
Change the owner of a file or directory | chown owner file.txt |
whoami |
Print the current user | whoami |
date |
Print the current date and time | date |
cal |
Print the calendar of the current month | cal |
clear |
Clear the terminal | clear |
echo |
Print a message | echo "Hello World" |
uname |
Print the system information | uname |
uptime |
Print the uptime of the system | uptime |
w |
Print the users who are currently logged in and what they are doing | w |
who |
Print the users who are currently logged in | who |
ps |
Print the currently running processes | ps |
kill |
Kill a process | kill 123 |
killall |
Kill all processes by name | killall bash |
pkill |
Kill a process by name | pkill bash |
pgrep |
Find the process ID by name | pgrep bash |
top |
Display the dynamic real-time view of a running system | top |
htop |
Display the dynamic real-time view of a running system | htop |
free |
Display the amount of free and used memory in the system | free |
df |
Display the amount of disk space available on the file system | df |
If you want to contribute to this repo, then you can fork this repo and make a pull request. I will review the pull request and merge it if it is good. You can also open an issue if you find any bugs or want to suggest something. I will try to fix the issue as soon as possible.# Contributing
Contributions are what make the open-source community such an amazing place to learn, inspire, and create. Any contributions you make are greatly appreciated.
- Fork the Project
- Create your Feature Branch
- Commit your Changes
- Push to the Branch
- Open a Pull Request
This repo is licensed under the MIT license. See LICENSE.md for more details.
Muntasir Mahmud (Also known in GitHub as MuntasirSZN)
I hope this repo helps you to memorize the linux commands. If you have any questions, then you can ask me in the issues section. I will try to answer your questions as soon as possible. If you want to contribute to this repo, then you can fork this repo and make a pull request. I will review the pull request and merge it if it is good. I hope this repo helps you. Thank you for reading this repo. Have a nice day. Goodbye.👋👋👋
And, don't forget to give a star to this repo.⭐⭐⭐