Add x86_64 docs for AlmaLinux

almalinux/cloud/docs/MOUNT_X86_64_CLOUD_IMAGE.md

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+# AlmaLinux OS Generic Cloud (Cloud-init) images
+
+https://wiki.almalinux.org/cloud/Generic-cloud.html#download-images
+
+https://github.com/AlmaLinux/cloud-images
+
+```
+curl -LO https://repo.almalinux.org/almalinux/9/cloud/x86_64/images/CHECKSUM
+curl -LO https://repo.almalinux.org/almalinux/9/cloud/x86_64/images/AlmaLinux-9-GenericCloud-latest.x86_64.qcow2
+```
+
+## Loopback mount - requires converting qcow to raw
+
+Install required tools:
+
+```
+sudo apt update
+sudo apt install qemu-utils
+```
+
+If the image is in QCOW2 format, convert it to raw:
+
+```
+qemu-img convert \
+  -f qcow2 \
+  -O raw \
+  AlmaLinux-9-GenericCloud-latest.x86_64.qcow2 \
+  almalinux-9-x86_64.raw
+```
+
+Find the offset of where the partition starts:
+
+```
+$ fdisk -l almalinux-9-x86_64.raw 
+Disk almalinux-9-x86_64.raw: 10 GiB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
+Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
+Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
+I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
+Disklabel type: gpt
+Disk identifier: BFCF6B5D-2B26-45A9-9A0D-4793FB0D30B5
+
+Device                    Start      End  Sectors  Size Type
+almalinux-9-x86_64.raw1    2048     4095     2048    1M BIOS boot
+almalinux-9-x86_64.raw2    4096   413695   409600  200M EFI System
+almalinux-9-x86_64.raw3  413696  2510847  2097152    1G Linux filesystem
+almalinux-9-x86_64.raw4 2510848 20969471 18458624  8.8G Linux filesystem
+
+
+# Offset is the start number times the sector size (usually 512 bytes)
+$ echo $((2510848 * 512))
+1285554176
+
+# Mount the image
+sudo mkdir -p /mnt/almalinux-9
+sudo mount -o loop,offset=1285554176 almalinux-9-x86_64.raw /mnt/almalinux-9
+
+$ ls /mnt/almalinux-9/
+afs  boot  etc   lib    media  opt   root  sbin  sys  usr
+bin  dev   home  lib64  mnt    proc  run   srv   tmp  var
+
+# Unmount the image
+$ sudo umount /mnt/almalinux-9
+$ sudo rmdir /mnt/almalinux-9/
+```
+
+## Mount cloud image with qemu-nbd
+
+```
+# Load the nbd module
+$ sudo modprobe -v nbd
+insmod /lib/modules/6.5.0-41-generic/kernel/drivers/block/nbd.ko
+# Verify the nbd module is loaded
+$ lsmod | grep nbd
+nbd                    65536  0
+
+$ ls /dev/nbd*
+/dev/nbd0   /dev/nbd11  /dev/nbd14  /dev/nbd3  /dev/nbd6  /dev/nbd9
+/dev/nbd1   /dev/nbd12  /dev/nbd15  /dev/nbd4  /dev/nbd7
+/dev/nbd10  /dev/nbd13  /dev/nbd2   /dev/nbd5  /dev/nbd8
+
+# Connect the QCOW2 image as a network block device
+$ sudo qemu-nbd --connect=/dev/nbd0 AlmaLinux-9-GenericCloud-latest.x86_64.qcow2
+
+# Create a mount point directory
+sudo mkdir -p /mnt/almalinux-9
+
+$ sudo fdisk -l /dev/nbd0
+Disk /dev/nbd0: 10 GiB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
+Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
+Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
+I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
+Disklabel type: gpt
+Disk identifier: BFCF6B5D-2B26-45A9-9A0D-4793FB0D30B5
+
+Device        Start      End  Sectors  Size Type
+/dev/nbd0p1    2048     4095     2048    1M BIOS boot
+/dev/nbd0p2    4096   413695   409600  200M EFI System
+/dev/nbd0p3  413696  2510847  2097152    1G Linux filesystem
+/dev/nbd0p4 2510848 20969471 18458624  8.8G Linux filesystem
+
+
+$ sudo mount /dev/nbd0p4 /mnt/almalinux-9
+
+$ ls /mnt/almalinux-9/
+afs  boot  etc   lib    media  opt   root  sbin  sys  usr
+bin  dev   home  lib64  mnt    proc  run   srv   tmp  var
+
+$ sudo chroot /mnt/almalinux-9/
+basename: missing operand
+Try 'basename --help' for more information.
+[root@crake-kvm-playpen /]# ls
+afs  boot  etc   lib    media  opt   root  sbin  sys  usr
+bin  dev   home  lib64  mnt    proc  run   srv   tmp  var
+[root@crake-kvm-playpen /]# exit
+exit
+
+# Unmount the image file
+$ sudo umount /mnt/almalinux-9
+$ sudo qemu-nbd --disconnect /dev/nbd0
+$ sudo rmdir /mnt/almalinux-9
+```
+
+## Mount cloud image with guestfish
+
+```
+sudo apt-get update
+sudo apt-get install libguestfs-tools
+
+$ guestfish --version
+guestfish 1.46.2
+
+$ sudo guestfish
+
+Welcome to guestfish, the guest filesystem shell for
+editing virtual machine filesystems and disk images.
+
+Type: ‘help’ for help on commands
+      ‘man’ to read the manual
+      ‘quit’ to quit the shell
+
+><fs> add AlmaLinux-9-GenericCloud-latest.x86_64.qcow2
+><fs> list-filesystems
+libguestfs: error: list_filesystems: call launch before using this function
+(in guestfish, don't forget to use the 'run' command)
+><fs> run
+ 100% ⟦▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒⟧ --:--
+><fs> list-filesystems
+/dev/sda1: unknown
+/dev/sda2: vfat
+/dev/sda3: xfs
+/dev/sda4: xfs
+><fs> mount /dev/sda4 /
+><fs> mountpoints
+/dev/sda4: /
+><fs> ! mkdir -p /mnt/almalinux-9 readonly:true
+><fs> mount-local /mnt/almalinux-9 readonly:true
+><fs> mount-local-run
+
+# Open a different terminal
+$ sudo su -
+root@crake-kvm-playpen:~# ls /mnt/almalinux-9/
+afs  boot  etc   lib    media  opt   root  sbin  sys  usr
+bin  dev   home  lib64  mnt    proc  run   srv   tmp  var
+root@crake-kvm-playpen:~# fusermount -u /mnt/almalinux-9
+root@crake-kvm-playpen:~# exit
+logout
+
+== On your host terminal ==
+[root@local images]# fusermount -u /tmp/mnt
+== On the guestfish shell ==
+><fs> mount-local-run
+><fs> exit
+```
+
+## AlmaLinux 9 Cloud Image
+
+```
+# cat /etc/cloud/cloud.cfg
+# The top level settings are used as module
+# and base configuration.
+
+# A set of users which may be applied and/or used by various modules
+# when a 'default' entry is found it will reference the 'default_user'
+# from the distro configuration specified below
+users:
+  - default
+
+# If this is set, 'root' will not be able to ssh in and they
+# will get a message to login instead as the default $user
+disable_root: true
+
+mount_default_fields: [~, ~, 'auto', 'defaults,nofail,x-systemd.requires=cloud-init.service,_netdev', '0', '2']
+resize_rootfs_tmp: /dev
+ssh_pwauth: false
+
+# This will cause the set+update hostname module to not operate (if true)
+preserve_hostname: false
+
+# If you use datasource_list array, keep array items in a single line.
+# If you use multi line array, ds-identify script won't read array items.
+# Example datasource config
+# datasource:
+#   Ec2:
+#     metadata_urls: [ 'blah.com' ]
+#     timeout: 5 # (defaults to 50 seconds)
+#     max_wait: 10 # (defaults to 120 seconds)
+
+# Default redhat settings:
+ssh_deletekeys: true
+ssh_genkeytypes: ['rsa', 'ecdsa', 'ed25519']
+syslog_fix_perms: ~
+disable_vmware_customization: false
+# The modules that run in the 'init' stage
+cloud_init_modules:
+  - migrator
+  - seed_random
+  - bootcmd
+  - write_files
+  - growpart
+  - resizefs
+  - disk_setup
+  - mounts
+  - set_hostname
+  - update_hostname
+  - update_etc_hosts
+  - ca_certs
+  - rsyslog
+  - users_groups
+  - ssh
+
+# The modules that run in the 'config' stage
+cloud_config_modules:
+  - ssh_import_id
+  - locale
+  - set_passwords
+  - rh_subscription
+  - spacewalk
+  - yum_add_repo
+  - ntp
+  - timezone
+  - disable_ec2_metadata
+  - runcmd
+
+# The modules that run in the 'final' stage
+cloud_final_modules:
+  - package_update_upgrade_install
+  - write_files_deferred
+  - puppet
+  - chef
+  - ansible
+  - mcollective
+  - salt_minion
+  - reset_rmc
+  - rightscale_userdata
+  - scripts_vendor
+  - scripts_per_once
+  - scripts_per_boot
+  - scripts_per_instance
+  - scripts_user
+  - ssh_authkey_fingerprints
+  - keys_to_console
+  - install_hotplug
+  - phone_home
+  - final_message
+  - power_state_change
+
+# System and/or distro specific settings
+# (not accessible to handlers/transforms)
+system_info:
+  # This will affect which distro class gets used
+  distro: almalinux
+  # Default user name + that default users groups (if added/used)
+  default_user:
+    name: almalinux
+    lock_passwd: True
+    gecos: almalinux Cloud User
+    groups: [adm, systemd-journal]
+    sudo: ["ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD:ALL"]
+    shell: /bin/bash
+  network:
+    renderers: ['sysconfig', 'eni', 'netplan', 'network-manager', 'networkd']
+  # Other config here will be given to the distro class and/or path classes
+  paths:
+    cloud_dir: /var/lib/cloud/
+    templates_dir: /etc/cloud/templates/
+  ssh_svcname: sshd
+```
+
+```
+# ls /etc/cloud/cloud.cfg.d
+05_logging.cfg  README
+
+# cat /etc/cloud/cloud.cfg.d/README 
+# All files with the '.cfg' extension in this directory will be read by
+# cloud-init. They are read in lexical order. Later files overwrite values in
+# earlier files.
+
+# cat /etc/cloud/cloud.cfg.d/05_logging.cfg 
+## This yaml formated config file handles setting
+## logger information.  The values that are necessary to be set
+## are seen at the bottom.  The top '_log' are only used to remove
+## redundency in a syslog and fallback-to-file case.
+##
+## The 'log_cfgs' entry defines a list of logger configs
+## Each entry in the list is tried, and the first one that
+## works is used.  If a log_cfg list entry is an array, it will
+## be joined with '\n'.
+_log:
+ - &log_base |
+   [loggers]
+   keys=root,cloudinit
+   
+   [handlers]
+   keys=consoleHandler,cloudLogHandler
+   
+   [formatters]
+   keys=simpleFormatter,arg0Formatter
+   
+   [logger_root]
+   level=DEBUG
+   handlers=consoleHandler,cloudLogHandler
+   
+   [logger_cloudinit]
+   level=DEBUG
+   qualname=cloudinit
+   handlers=
+   propagate=1
+   
+   [handler_consoleHandler]
+   class=StreamHandler
+   level=WARNING
+   formatter=arg0Formatter
+   args=(sys.stderr,)
+   
+   [formatter_arg0Formatter]
+   format=%(asctime)s - %(filename)s[%(levelname)s]: %(message)s
+   
+   [formatter_simpleFormatter]
+   format=[CLOUDINIT] %(filename)s[%(levelname)s]: %(message)s
+ - &log_file |
+   [handler_cloudLogHandler]
+   class=FileHandler
+   level=DEBUG
+   formatter=arg0Formatter
+   args=('/var/log/cloud-init.log', 'a', 'UTF-8')
+ - &log_syslog |
+   [handler_cloudLogHandler]
+   class=handlers.SysLogHandler
+   level=DEBUG
+   formatter=simpleFormatter
+   args=("/dev/log", handlers.SysLogHandler.LOG_USER)
+
+log_cfgs:
+# Array entries in this list will be joined into a string
+# that defines the configuration.
+#
+# If you want logs to go to syslog, uncomment the following line.
+# - [ *log_base, *log_syslog ]
+#
+# The default behavior is to just log to a file.
+# This mechanism that does not depend on a system service to operate.
+ - [ *log_base, *log_file ]
+# A file path can also be used.
+# - /etc/log.conf
+
+# This tells cloud-init to redirect its stdout and stderr to
+# 'tee -a /var/log/cloud-init-output.log' so the user can see output
+# there without needing to look on the console.
+output: {all: '| tee -a /var/log/cloud-init-output.log'}
+```
+
+```
+# ls /etc/cloud/templates/
+chef_client.rb.tmpl                   hosts.mariner.tmpl
+chrony.conf.almalinux.tmpl            hosts.photon.tmpl
+chrony.conf.alpine.tmpl               hosts.redhat.tmpl
+chrony.conf.centos.tmpl               hosts.suse.tmpl
+chrony.conf.cloudlinux.tmpl           ntp.conf.almalinux.tmpl
+chrony.conf.cos.tmpl                  ntp.conf.alpine.tmpl
+chrony.conf.debian.tmpl               ntp.conf.cloudlinux.tmpl
+chrony.conf.fedora.tmpl               ntp.conf.debian.tmpl
+chrony.conf.freebsd.tmpl              ntp.conf.fedora.tmpl
+chrony.conf.opensuse-leap.tmpl        ntp.conf.freebsd.tmpl
+chrony.conf.opensuse-microos.tmpl     ntp.conf.opensuse.tmpl
+chrony.conf.opensuse-tumbleweed.tmpl  ntp.conf.photon.tmpl
+chrony.conf.opensuse.tmpl             ntp.conf.rhel.tmpl
+chrony.conf.photon.tmpl               ntp.conf.sles.tmpl
+chrony.conf.rhel.tmpl                 ntp.conf.ubuntu.tmpl
+chrony.conf.sle-micro.tmpl            ntpd.conf.openbsd.tmpl
+chrony.conf.sle_hpc.tmpl              resolv.conf.tmpl
+chrony.conf.sles.tmpl                 sources.list.debian.deb822.tmpl
+chrony.conf.ubuntu.tmpl               sources.list.debian.tmpl
+hosts.alpine.tmpl                     sources.list.ubuntu.deb822.tmpl
+hosts.arch.tmpl                       sources.list.ubuntu.tmpl
+hosts.debian.tmpl                     systemd.resolved.conf.tmpl
+hosts.freebsd.tmpl                    timesyncd.conf.tmpl
+hosts.gentoo.tmpl
+```